Bio 1500 FINAL study guide
1. How are organisms lumped into the protist group? Is this group a true
kingdom: • 1 thing in common: all descended from the first eukaryotic life on earth (all are eukaryotes)
• "Kingdom Protista" is not monophyletic (doesn't contain all descendants of a common ancestor
• contains organisms more closely related to members of other kingdoms than they are to other protist
• mostly single cellular
• can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic
• can undergo asexual or sexual reproduction
2. What characteristics distinguish supergroups and clades from each other: Su-
pergroups: clusters of species all coming from a common ancestor (smaller clades that are more specific). clade: group
of taxa including all the descendants of a common ancestor. Ex: Supergroup = archaeplastida, clade = chlorophyta
3. What are the various forms of locomotion used by the different protist
groups?: • Flagella: a tail-like projection which the organism whips in a circular motion to propel itself forward...
Euglena (excavata)
• Pseudopodia: a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding... Amoeba
(amoebozoa)
,• Cilia: hair like projections to beat against fluid in the environment... Paramecium
4. What is the difference between unicellular, colonial and multicellular? Know
some protist representatives of each.: • Unicellular- made of 1 cell
ex) trichomonas vaginalis, diatoms, brewers yeast
• Colonial- uni or multicellular, where organisms are together in a group and are dependent and in close relationships
with other organisms around it.
ex) Volvox
• Multicellular- complex, large, more than 1 cell
ex) Amoeba
5. What is the difference between autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic?
Know some protist representatives of each: • Autotrophic - make their own food (synthesize
organic moleculesEx: chlorophyta
• Heterotrophic - Obtain organic molecules from other organisms Ex: ciliates & amoebae
• Mixotrophic - use a mix of different sources Ex: Euglena
6. examples of protists that are important ecologically? In what ways?: • slime molds:
help w/ decomposition of dead vegetation, and feed on bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.
• Photosynthetic protists such as chlorophyta serve as sources of nutrition for other organisms
, 7. What distinguishes fungi from other eukaryotic groups: - Fungal cell walls are composed
of chitin/they take in food through absorption/ From tiny root-like hairs that penetrate the surface of the food, digestive
chemicals are secreted onto food sources outside of the organism (external digestion)
- hyphae (long, slender filaments)
- dikaryon stage
8. How are asexual and sexual reproduction different: • Asexual: one parents/identical
offspring/mitosis
• Sexual: two parents/genetic variation/meiosis/ gametes and fertilization
9. How do you interpret the results of a t-test? Does the p-value have to be
greater than, or less than, the critical value (usually 0.05), to be considered
statistically significant?: • value is greater than 0.05, it would not be statistically significant.
• value is less than 0.05, it would be statistically significant
10. Dorsal: toward the back
11. Ventral: Toward the belly
1. How are organisms lumped into the protist group? Is this group a true
kingdom: • 1 thing in common: all descended from the first eukaryotic life on earth (all are eukaryotes)
• "Kingdom Protista" is not monophyletic (doesn't contain all descendants of a common ancestor
• contains organisms more closely related to members of other kingdoms than they are to other protist
• mostly single cellular
• can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic
• can undergo asexual or sexual reproduction
2. What characteristics distinguish supergroups and clades from each other: Su-
pergroups: clusters of species all coming from a common ancestor (smaller clades that are more specific). clade: group
of taxa including all the descendants of a common ancestor. Ex: Supergroup = archaeplastida, clade = chlorophyta
3. What are the various forms of locomotion used by the different protist
groups?: • Flagella: a tail-like projection which the organism whips in a circular motion to propel itself forward...
Euglena (excavata)
• Pseudopodia: a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding... Amoeba
(amoebozoa)
,• Cilia: hair like projections to beat against fluid in the environment... Paramecium
4. What is the difference between unicellular, colonial and multicellular? Know
some protist representatives of each.: • Unicellular- made of 1 cell
ex) trichomonas vaginalis, diatoms, brewers yeast
• Colonial- uni or multicellular, where organisms are together in a group and are dependent and in close relationships
with other organisms around it.
ex) Volvox
• Multicellular- complex, large, more than 1 cell
ex) Amoeba
5. What is the difference between autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic?
Know some protist representatives of each: • Autotrophic - make their own food (synthesize
organic moleculesEx: chlorophyta
• Heterotrophic - Obtain organic molecules from other organisms Ex: ciliates & amoebae
• Mixotrophic - use a mix of different sources Ex: Euglena
6. examples of protists that are important ecologically? In what ways?: • slime molds:
help w/ decomposition of dead vegetation, and feed on bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.
• Photosynthetic protists such as chlorophyta serve as sources of nutrition for other organisms
, 7. What distinguishes fungi from other eukaryotic groups: - Fungal cell walls are composed
of chitin/they take in food through absorption/ From tiny root-like hairs that penetrate the surface of the food, digestive
chemicals are secreted onto food sources outside of the organism (external digestion)
- hyphae (long, slender filaments)
- dikaryon stage
8. How are asexual and sexual reproduction different: • Asexual: one parents/identical
offspring/mitosis
• Sexual: two parents/genetic variation/meiosis/ gametes and fertilization
9. How do you interpret the results of a t-test? Does the p-value have to be
greater than, or less than, the critical value (usually 0.05), to be considered
statistically significant?: • value is greater than 0.05, it would not be statistically significant.
• value is less than 0.05, it would be statistically significant
10. Dorsal: toward the back
11. Ventral: Toward the belly
