BIOS 242 MIDTERM | FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology - Answer: mid 19th century, pasteurs
investigations into the cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with or
without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas yeast
cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol.
Biotechnology - Answer: microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products.
Pasteurization - Answer: the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of
spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.
1897 eduard buchner - Answer: demonstrated process of enzymes and began the field of
biochemistry and study of metabolism
Enzymes - Answer: cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as
fermentation.
Metabolism - Answer: sum of all chemical reactions in a organism.
Germ theory of disease - Answer: pastuers discovery that bacteria are responsible for
spoiling wine led to hypothesis that microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases.
Today we know diseases are caused by other things like genetics toxins and allergies, so
germ theory really only applies to infectious disease.
Pathogens - Answer: microorganisms that cause specific diseases
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,Etiology - Answer: study of causation of disease. Dominated by Robert Koch
Robert Koch - Answer: search for disease agents such as bacteria responsible for anthrax,
developed techniques to isolate bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize
growth media, transfer bacteria between media, achieved first photomicrograph of
bacteria. His greatest achievement was Kochs Postulates.
Koch's postulates - Answer: in his publications on TB, he elaborated on a set of steps that
must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:
1-The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent
form healthy hosts.
2-The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3-When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host,the host must get the
disease.
4-The same agent must be found int he diseased experimental host.
Christian Gram - Answer: in 1884 Gram developed staining technique using a series of dyes
that leave some microbes purple and some pink. Still is most widely used staining
technique today. Distinguishes gram positive from gram negative bacteria and reflects
differences in composition of bacterial cell wall.
Semmelweis - Answer: hypothesized that cadaver particles on med students hands are
what caused puerpural fever and deaths of women giving birth. Had them wash their hands
in chlorinated lime water before attending births and the number of deaths from puerpural
fever dropped the next year.
Infection control and epidemiology - Answer: 2 branches of microbiology,
epidemiology=study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,Immunology - Answer: stuyd of the bodys specific defenses against pathogens. Began with
experiments of edward Jenner
Edward Jenner - Answer: showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions
prevented smallpox. Pastuer later built on Jenners work to develop vaccines against fowl
cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
Chemotherapy, Paul erlich - Answer: Branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals
are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Began with Paul
erlich who searched for a "magic bullet" that would kill microoganisms but would be
nontoxic to humans. He discovered chemicals effective against the agents that cause
sleeping sickness and syphilis.
Biochemistry - Answer: study of metabolism. Kluyver and Niel proposed biochemical
reactions are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the basic transfer of
electrons and hydrogen ions.
Microbial genetics - Answer: microbial genetics=study of inheritance in microorganisms. A
genes activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that gene. We now
know the exact way in which genetic info is translated into a protein.
Molecular biology - Answer: combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics
to explain cell function at a molecular level. Particularly concerned with genome
sequencing.
Genetic engineering - Answer: the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants and animals
for practical applications such as development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of
disease.
Gene therapy - Answer: use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than
one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, Environmental microbiology - Answer: studies the role microorganims play in their natural
environment. Microbial communities play an essential role in decay of dead organisms and
recycling of chemicals such as carbon nitrogen and sulfur. Environmental microbiologists
also limit the abundance of pathogenic microbes int eh environment, such as water
purification and sanitation.
Serology - Answer: the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coagulates
and carries disease fighting chemicals. Found that body can defend itself against a
remarkable range of diseases, but medical intervention is often necessary.
Penicillin - Answer: antimicrobial discovered in 1929
Sulfa drugs - Answer: antimicrobial discovered in 1935
Which of the following is NOT a microscopic organism that Leeuwenhook was able to
observe under the microscope he created in 1674 - Answer: Viruses. They were so small
they were found later in 1932.
According to the work of Buchner, which of the following is true of enzymes. - Answer: They
promote chemical reactions
The scientific method consists of four basic steps. Which option below shows the correct
sequence of events - Answer: Ask a quesiton based upon observations, Generate
hypothesis, Conduct experiments, observe results
Which of the following statements is true of yeasts - Answer: all of the above.
-have cell walls
-reproduce by budding
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology - Answer: mid 19th century, pasteurs
investigations into the cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with or
without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas yeast
cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol.
Biotechnology - Answer: microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products.
Pasteurization - Answer: the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of
spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.
1897 eduard buchner - Answer: demonstrated process of enzymes and began the field of
biochemistry and study of metabolism
Enzymes - Answer: cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as
fermentation.
Metabolism - Answer: sum of all chemical reactions in a organism.
Germ theory of disease - Answer: pastuers discovery that bacteria are responsible for
spoiling wine led to hypothesis that microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases.
Today we know diseases are caused by other things like genetics toxins and allergies, so
germ theory really only applies to infectious disease.
Pathogens - Answer: microorganisms that cause specific diseases
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,Etiology - Answer: study of causation of disease. Dominated by Robert Koch
Robert Koch - Answer: search for disease agents such as bacteria responsible for anthrax,
developed techniques to isolate bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize
growth media, transfer bacteria between media, achieved first photomicrograph of
bacteria. His greatest achievement was Kochs Postulates.
Koch's postulates - Answer: in his publications on TB, he elaborated on a set of steps that
must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:
1-The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent
form healthy hosts.
2-The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3-When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host,the host must get the
disease.
4-The same agent must be found int he diseased experimental host.
Christian Gram - Answer: in 1884 Gram developed staining technique using a series of dyes
that leave some microbes purple and some pink. Still is most widely used staining
technique today. Distinguishes gram positive from gram negative bacteria and reflects
differences in composition of bacterial cell wall.
Semmelweis - Answer: hypothesized that cadaver particles on med students hands are
what caused puerpural fever and deaths of women giving birth. Had them wash their hands
in chlorinated lime water before attending births and the number of deaths from puerpural
fever dropped the next year.
Infection control and epidemiology - Answer: 2 branches of microbiology,
epidemiology=study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,Immunology - Answer: stuyd of the bodys specific defenses against pathogens. Began with
experiments of edward Jenner
Edward Jenner - Answer: showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions
prevented smallpox. Pastuer later built on Jenners work to develop vaccines against fowl
cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
Chemotherapy, Paul erlich - Answer: Branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals
are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Began with Paul
erlich who searched for a "magic bullet" that would kill microoganisms but would be
nontoxic to humans. He discovered chemicals effective against the agents that cause
sleeping sickness and syphilis.
Biochemistry - Answer: study of metabolism. Kluyver and Niel proposed biochemical
reactions are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the basic transfer of
electrons and hydrogen ions.
Microbial genetics - Answer: microbial genetics=study of inheritance in microorganisms. A
genes activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that gene. We now
know the exact way in which genetic info is translated into a protein.
Molecular biology - Answer: combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics
to explain cell function at a molecular level. Particularly concerned with genome
sequencing.
Genetic engineering - Answer: the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants and animals
for practical applications such as development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of
disease.
Gene therapy - Answer: use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than
one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, Environmental microbiology - Answer: studies the role microorganims play in their natural
environment. Microbial communities play an essential role in decay of dead organisms and
recycling of chemicals such as carbon nitrogen and sulfur. Environmental microbiologists
also limit the abundance of pathogenic microbes int eh environment, such as water
purification and sanitation.
Serology - Answer: the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coagulates
and carries disease fighting chemicals. Found that body can defend itself against a
remarkable range of diseases, but medical intervention is often necessary.
Penicillin - Answer: antimicrobial discovered in 1929
Sulfa drugs - Answer: antimicrobial discovered in 1935
Which of the following is NOT a microscopic organism that Leeuwenhook was able to
observe under the microscope he created in 1674 - Answer: Viruses. They were so small
they were found later in 1932.
According to the work of Buchner, which of the following is true of enzymes. - Answer: They
promote chemical reactions
The scientific method consists of four basic steps. Which option below shows the correct
sequence of events - Answer: Ask a quesiton based upon observations, Generate
hypothesis, Conduct experiments, observe results
Which of the following statements is true of yeasts - Answer: all of the above.
-have cell walls
-reproduce by budding
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
