NUSCTX 10S COMPREHENSIVE EXAM UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔nutrients supplied by plan and animal foods - ✔✔- animal products provide sources f
protein, B vitamins, and minerals such as iron, zinc, and calcium
- however, animal products are low in fiber and can be high in fat
- plant sources of protein are also a good source of B vitamins, iron, zinc, fiber, and
calcium, but in less absorbable forms
✔✔food protein allergies - ✔✔- fodo proteins (allergens) cause an immune response,
creating an allergic reaction
- IgE most commonly produced
- anaphylaxis
- 8 foods account for 90% all food allergies
- peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat
✔✔protein excess - ✔✔1. hydration and kidney function
- when protein intake increases above the necessary amount, so does urea (protein
breakdown product), which must be eliminated from the body by the kidneys. to do this,
water must be excreted in the urine, increasing water loss
2. kidney stone
- increase in urinary calcium exretion associated with high-protein diets has led to a
speculation that a high protein intake may increase the risk of kidney stones
3. heart disease and cancer
- high protein diets related more to the dietary components that accompany animal
versus plant proteins. typically, high protein diets are high in animal products.
✔✔celiac disease aka fluton intolerance - ✔✔1/33 people
✔✔carbohydrates - ✔✔macronutrient (4 kcal/g)
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
glucose: C6H12O6
✔✔carbohydrate functions - ✔✔1. provide energy
2. spares protein
3. provides sweetness
4. provides fiber
5. enhances functions of many proteins
✔✔carbohydrate types - ✔✔1. simple:
-monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
- disaccharides (sucrose)
, 2. complex(3+ monosacc)
1. oligosaccharides: indigestible molecular bonds, colonic bacteria digest = gas, short
chain fatty acids
- polysaccharides(starch, fiber, glycogen)
✔✔lactose intolerance - ✔✔not enough lactase in the SI to digest lactose
symptoms: diarrhea, bloating, intestinal gas
✔✔amylase - ✔✔amylase breaks down carbs into sugars which are more easily
absorbed by the body. This enzyme is also found in saliva (shortage = diarrhea due to
the effects of undigested starch in the colon)
✔✔fates of glucose - ✔✔-monosaccharides enter capillaries, travel to liver
- in liver cells, fructose & galactose --> glucose
- glucose
* used for energy in liver
* passed into the blood for other cells to use for energy
* store in liver & muscles and glycogen
* if consumed in excess energy needs --> synthesize fatty acids
✔✔insoluble and soluble fiber - ✔✔1. insoluble fiber
- part of cell wall
- do not dissolve in water
- contributes bulk to stool
- cellulose, hemicellulose
- good sources: whole grains, fruits, vegetables
2. soluble fiber
- dissolve in water, are viscous & gel-forming
- bacteria metabolize-like oligosaccharides
- ex: gums, proteins
- good sources: fruits, berries, oats, beans
✔✔fiber: health benefits - ✔✔high fiber diets may:
- promote weight loss
- promote regular bowel movements
- prevent constipation
- prevent hemorrhoids & diverticulitis
- lower the risk of colon cancer
✔✔soluble fiber : health benefits - ✔✔1. lowers cholesterol
- soluble fiber binds with bile
- decrease reabsorption of bile acids
- increase hepatic cholesterol --> bile acids
- increase LDL uptake by liver
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔nutrients supplied by plan and animal foods - ✔✔- animal products provide sources f
protein, B vitamins, and minerals such as iron, zinc, and calcium
- however, animal products are low in fiber and can be high in fat
- plant sources of protein are also a good source of B vitamins, iron, zinc, fiber, and
calcium, but in less absorbable forms
✔✔food protein allergies - ✔✔- fodo proteins (allergens) cause an immune response,
creating an allergic reaction
- IgE most commonly produced
- anaphylaxis
- 8 foods account for 90% all food allergies
- peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat
✔✔protein excess - ✔✔1. hydration and kidney function
- when protein intake increases above the necessary amount, so does urea (protein
breakdown product), which must be eliminated from the body by the kidneys. to do this,
water must be excreted in the urine, increasing water loss
2. kidney stone
- increase in urinary calcium exretion associated with high-protein diets has led to a
speculation that a high protein intake may increase the risk of kidney stones
3. heart disease and cancer
- high protein diets related more to the dietary components that accompany animal
versus plant proteins. typically, high protein diets are high in animal products.
✔✔celiac disease aka fluton intolerance - ✔✔1/33 people
✔✔carbohydrates - ✔✔macronutrient (4 kcal/g)
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
glucose: C6H12O6
✔✔carbohydrate functions - ✔✔1. provide energy
2. spares protein
3. provides sweetness
4. provides fiber
5. enhances functions of many proteins
✔✔carbohydrate types - ✔✔1. simple:
-monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
- disaccharides (sucrose)
, 2. complex(3+ monosacc)
1. oligosaccharides: indigestible molecular bonds, colonic bacteria digest = gas, short
chain fatty acids
- polysaccharides(starch, fiber, glycogen)
✔✔lactose intolerance - ✔✔not enough lactase in the SI to digest lactose
symptoms: diarrhea, bloating, intestinal gas
✔✔amylase - ✔✔amylase breaks down carbs into sugars which are more easily
absorbed by the body. This enzyme is also found in saliva (shortage = diarrhea due to
the effects of undigested starch in the colon)
✔✔fates of glucose - ✔✔-monosaccharides enter capillaries, travel to liver
- in liver cells, fructose & galactose --> glucose
- glucose
* used for energy in liver
* passed into the blood for other cells to use for energy
* store in liver & muscles and glycogen
* if consumed in excess energy needs --> synthesize fatty acids
✔✔insoluble and soluble fiber - ✔✔1. insoluble fiber
- part of cell wall
- do not dissolve in water
- contributes bulk to stool
- cellulose, hemicellulose
- good sources: whole grains, fruits, vegetables
2. soluble fiber
- dissolve in water, are viscous & gel-forming
- bacteria metabolize-like oligosaccharides
- ex: gums, proteins
- good sources: fruits, berries, oats, beans
✔✔fiber: health benefits - ✔✔high fiber diets may:
- promote weight loss
- promote regular bowel movements
- prevent constipation
- prevent hemorrhoids & diverticulitis
- lower the risk of colon cancer
✔✔soluble fiber : health benefits - ✔✔1. lowers cholesterol
- soluble fiber binds with bile
- decrease reabsorption of bile acids
- increase hepatic cholesterol --> bile acids
- increase LDL uptake by liver
