NUSCTX 10 ACTUAL FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔sucrose - ✔✔glucose + fructose
found in sugarcane, sugar beets, and honey
✔✔hydrolysis reaction - ✔✔use water (solvent) to break up bonds of a disaccharide to
make monosaccharides
✔✔condensation reaction - ✔✔put monosaccharides together to produce water
(condensation) and disaccharide
✔✔insoluble fiber - ✔✔-part of cell wall
-do not dissolve in water
-contributes bulk to stool
-e.g. cellulose, hemicellulose
-good sources: whole grains, fruits, vegetables
✔✔soluble fiber - ✔✔-dissolve in water
-viscous and gel-forming
-bacteria metabolize - like oligosaccharides
-e.g. gums, pectin
-good sources: fruits, berries, oats, beans
✔✔oligosaccharides - ✔✔-3-10 monosaccharides
-ingestible molecular bonds
-colonic bacteria digest = gas, short chain fatty acids (SCFA)
✔✔starch - ✔✔storage form of glucose in plants; food sources include grains, legumes,
and tubers
e.g. amylose, amylopectin
✔✔glycogen - ✔✔storage form of glucose in animals; stored in liver and muscles
✔✔fiber - ✔✔forms the support structures of leaves, stems, and plants
-indigestible
-beta bonds
✔✔high fiber diets may... - ✔✔-promote weight loss
-promote regular bowel movements
-prevent constipation
-prevent hemorrhoids and diverticulitis
, -lower risk of colon cancer
✔✔starch breakdown in small intestine - ✔✔pancreas comes into play with the same
enzyme that is found in the salivary gland; there is much more of this enzyme, amylase;
it breaks the oligosaccharides into disaccharides; on top of villi there is an enzyme that
breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides
✔✔amylase - ✔✔breaks down carbs (starch) into sugars which are more easily
absorbed by the body; found in saliva; shortage of this enzyme may cause diarrhea due
to effects of undigested starch in colon
✔✔Where does glucose go? - ✔✔monosaccharides enter the capillaries and travel to
the liver; used for energy in liver; passed into blood for other cells to use for energy;
stored in liver and muscles as glycogen; if consumed in excess energy needs becomes
synthesized fatty acids
✔✔lactose intolerance - ✔✔not enough lactase in the small intestines to digest lactose
symptoms: diarrhea, bloating, intestinal gas
✔✔soluble fiber health benefits - ✔✔lowers cholesterol and delays rise in blood glucose
✔✔whole grains vs. refined grains - ✔✔whole/unrefined grains have bran layers (good
source of fiber and vitamins), germ (good source of vegetable oils and Vitamin E), and
endosperm (contain starch and some protein)
processing removes the bran and germ (loss of nutrients)
✔✔glycolysis - ✔✔glyco- = sugar; -lysis = breakdown
-metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate
-the free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compound
ATP
-because glycolysis does not require oxygen, it is a way to produce ATP anaerobically
(without oxygen) and is known as anaerobic cellular respiration
✔✔energy from glucose and protein - ✔✔1) the amino group is removed by
deamination
2) deamination of some amino acids produces three-carbon molecules that can be used
to synthesize glucose, via gluconeogenesis
3) deamination of some amino acids results in two-carbon molecules that form acetyl-
CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle or be used to synthesize fatty acids
4) deamination of some amino acids forms molecules that are intermediates in the citric
acid cycle
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔sucrose - ✔✔glucose + fructose
found in sugarcane, sugar beets, and honey
✔✔hydrolysis reaction - ✔✔use water (solvent) to break up bonds of a disaccharide to
make monosaccharides
✔✔condensation reaction - ✔✔put monosaccharides together to produce water
(condensation) and disaccharide
✔✔insoluble fiber - ✔✔-part of cell wall
-do not dissolve in water
-contributes bulk to stool
-e.g. cellulose, hemicellulose
-good sources: whole grains, fruits, vegetables
✔✔soluble fiber - ✔✔-dissolve in water
-viscous and gel-forming
-bacteria metabolize - like oligosaccharides
-e.g. gums, pectin
-good sources: fruits, berries, oats, beans
✔✔oligosaccharides - ✔✔-3-10 monosaccharides
-ingestible molecular bonds
-colonic bacteria digest = gas, short chain fatty acids (SCFA)
✔✔starch - ✔✔storage form of glucose in plants; food sources include grains, legumes,
and tubers
e.g. amylose, amylopectin
✔✔glycogen - ✔✔storage form of glucose in animals; stored in liver and muscles
✔✔fiber - ✔✔forms the support structures of leaves, stems, and plants
-indigestible
-beta bonds
✔✔high fiber diets may... - ✔✔-promote weight loss
-promote regular bowel movements
-prevent constipation
-prevent hemorrhoids and diverticulitis
, -lower risk of colon cancer
✔✔starch breakdown in small intestine - ✔✔pancreas comes into play with the same
enzyme that is found in the salivary gland; there is much more of this enzyme, amylase;
it breaks the oligosaccharides into disaccharides; on top of villi there is an enzyme that
breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides
✔✔amylase - ✔✔breaks down carbs (starch) into sugars which are more easily
absorbed by the body; found in saliva; shortage of this enzyme may cause diarrhea due
to effects of undigested starch in colon
✔✔Where does glucose go? - ✔✔monosaccharides enter the capillaries and travel to
the liver; used for energy in liver; passed into blood for other cells to use for energy;
stored in liver and muscles as glycogen; if consumed in excess energy needs becomes
synthesized fatty acids
✔✔lactose intolerance - ✔✔not enough lactase in the small intestines to digest lactose
symptoms: diarrhea, bloating, intestinal gas
✔✔soluble fiber health benefits - ✔✔lowers cholesterol and delays rise in blood glucose
✔✔whole grains vs. refined grains - ✔✔whole/unrefined grains have bran layers (good
source of fiber and vitamins), germ (good source of vegetable oils and Vitamin E), and
endosperm (contain starch and some protein)
processing removes the bran and germ (loss of nutrients)
✔✔glycolysis - ✔✔glyco- = sugar; -lysis = breakdown
-metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate
-the free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compound
ATP
-because glycolysis does not require oxygen, it is a way to produce ATP anaerobically
(without oxygen) and is known as anaerobic cellular respiration
✔✔energy from glucose and protein - ✔✔1) the amino group is removed by
deamination
2) deamination of some amino acids produces three-carbon molecules that can be used
to synthesize glucose, via gluconeogenesis
3) deamination of some amino acids results in two-carbon molecules that form acetyl-
CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle or be used to synthesize fatty acids
4) deamination of some amino acids forms molecules that are intermediates in the citric
acid cycle
