BIO 340 ASU Mangone Final Exam 4
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
somatic mutations - Answer not heritable
germline mutations - Answer inherited
Luria and Delbruck - Answer Fluctuation test:
1) resistance is a physiological response to bacteria
2) resistance arises from random mutation only, not adaptive
3) mutations occur in the absence of selection, not because of it
neutral mutations - Answer can occur in protein coding region or other part of genome
B-thalassemia - Answer disease that arises from a large amount of mutations
Spinal muscle atrophy - Answer caused by genetic defect in SMN1; lower levels of this protein
result in loss of function in neuronal cells in spinal cord
CRISPR/Cas9 - Answer a revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune
system of simple prokaryotes; provides prokaryotic immunity
How prokaryotes regulate genes - Answer mechanism that turns transcription on and off
based on metabolism
Constitutive enzymes - Answer Enzymes are continuously produced regardless of chemical
makeup of environment (tRNAs, rRNAs)
Inducible enzymes - Answer created by bacteria to adapt to environment (positive and
negative control)
, operon - Answer contains cluster of genes that are under control of single promoter or
regulatory signal; genes with similar functions are grouped together
Operons consist of - Answer promoter, repressor, structural genes
promoter - Answer where RNA polymerase binds and transcription occurs
operator - Answer overlaps promoter, repressor proteins bind to it to block transcription by
RNA polymerase
activator - Answer regulates activity of RNA polymerase (removes repressor)
Lactose metabolism in Ecoli is regulated by - Answer inducible system
lac operon - Answer a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control
lactose metabolism in E. coli
upstream regulatory system and downstream operator and promoter
Lac Z - Answer encodes B-galactosidase
needed so lactose can be primary energy source in glycolysis
Lac Y - Answer Specifies primary structure of permease, an enzyme that facilitates entry of
lactose into bacterial cell
Lac- A - Answer encodes transacetylase
Negative control of lac operon - Answer glucose in present and lactose is absent
positive control of lac operon - Answer glucose and lactose levels are high; inducer present so
lactose is transcribed
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
somatic mutations - Answer not heritable
germline mutations - Answer inherited
Luria and Delbruck - Answer Fluctuation test:
1) resistance is a physiological response to bacteria
2) resistance arises from random mutation only, not adaptive
3) mutations occur in the absence of selection, not because of it
neutral mutations - Answer can occur in protein coding region or other part of genome
B-thalassemia - Answer disease that arises from a large amount of mutations
Spinal muscle atrophy - Answer caused by genetic defect in SMN1; lower levels of this protein
result in loss of function in neuronal cells in spinal cord
CRISPR/Cas9 - Answer a revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune
system of simple prokaryotes; provides prokaryotic immunity
How prokaryotes regulate genes - Answer mechanism that turns transcription on and off
based on metabolism
Constitutive enzymes - Answer Enzymes are continuously produced regardless of chemical
makeup of environment (tRNAs, rRNAs)
Inducible enzymes - Answer created by bacteria to adapt to environment (positive and
negative control)
, operon - Answer contains cluster of genes that are under control of single promoter or
regulatory signal; genes with similar functions are grouped together
Operons consist of - Answer promoter, repressor, structural genes
promoter - Answer where RNA polymerase binds and transcription occurs
operator - Answer overlaps promoter, repressor proteins bind to it to block transcription by
RNA polymerase
activator - Answer regulates activity of RNA polymerase (removes repressor)
Lactose metabolism in Ecoli is regulated by - Answer inducible system
lac operon - Answer a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control
lactose metabolism in E. coli
upstream regulatory system and downstream operator and promoter
Lac Z - Answer encodes B-galactosidase
needed so lactose can be primary energy source in glycolysis
Lac Y - Answer Specifies primary structure of permease, an enzyme that facilitates entry of
lactose into bacterial cell
Lac- A - Answer encodes transacetylase
Negative control of lac operon - Answer glucose in present and lactose is absent
positive control of lac operon - Answer glucose and lactose levels are high; inducer present so
lactose is transcribed
