BIOL 4003; Genetics (Exam 1)
questions well solved
cross - ANS ✔✔when two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred to each
other
hybridization - ANS ✔✔mating or crossing between 2 individuals with different characteristics
hybrids - ANS ✔✔offspring of a cross
why are pea plants a good species to study? - ANS ✔✔-available in several varieties (height,
color, seeds, and pods)
-ease of making crosses
gamete - ANS ✔✔describes haploid reproductive cells that fuse to form a zygote
male gametes (____) are produced within ______ that form in _____ - ANS ✔✔sperm; pollen
grains; anthers
female gametes (____) are produced within ____ that form in the _____ - ANS ✔✔eggs; ovules;
ovaries
how does fertilization occur? - ANS ✔✔a pollen grain lands on the stigma, stimulating growth of
a pollen tube
-enables sperm cells to enter the stigma and migrate toward an ovule
-fertilization takes place when a sperm enters the micropyle, an opening in the ovule wall, and
fuses with an egg cell
,plant structure and reproduction (image) - ANS ✔✔
self-fertilization - ANS ✔✔pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant
-due to the formation of a keel which encloses reproductive structures of a flower, pea plants
naturally use self-fertilization
cross-fertilization - ANS ✔✔pollen from one plant be placed on the stigma of another plant (2
different plants reproduce)
How do you do cross-fertilization? - ANS ✔✔1) remove anthers before they produce pollen
(immature flower)
2) obtain pollen from another plant by touching mature anthers with a paint brush
3) apply pollen on paintbrush to stigma of flower with anthers removed
characters - ANS ✔✔general characteristics of an organism
trait (or variant) - ANS ✔✔specific properties of a character
breeding true - ANS ✔✔trait doesn't vary in appearance from generation to generation
true-breeding strain (or lines) - ANS ✔✔a variety that continues to produce the same trait after
several generations of self-fertilization
7 characteristics that Mendel looked at - ANS ✔✔height, flower color, flower position, seed
color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape
,recurring themes of cross fertilization (Mendel) - ANS ✔✔F1 only produced 1 trait and F2 had
both traits in a ratio of 3:1
single-factor cross - ANS ✔✔cross in which an experimenter observes one character
gene - ANS ✔✔unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of an organism's traits
allele - ANS ✔✔alternative form of a particular gene
Mendel's law of segregation - ANS ✔✔the two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from
each other during transmission from parent to offspring
heterozygote - ANS ✔✔every individual carries different alleles of a gene
genotype - ANS ✔✔genetic composition of an individual
phenotype - ANS ✔✔observable traits of an organism
How to create a Punnett Square - ANS ✔✔step 1) write down genotypes of both recipients
step 2) write down the possible gametes that each parent can make
step 3) create an empty punnett square (male gametes on one side and female gametes on the
other)
step 4) fill in possible genotypes of the offspring by combining the alleles of the gametes in the
empty boxes
step 5) determine relative proportions of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring
two-factor crosses - ANS ✔✔following the inheritance of two different characters within the
same groups of individuals
, 2 of Mendel's hypothesis - ANS ✔✔1) linked assortment
2) independent assortment
mendels law of independent assortment - ANS ✔✔two different genes will randomly assort
their alleles during the formation of haploid cells
--allele of one gene will be found within a resulting gamete independently of whether the allele
for a different gene is found in the same gamete
genetic recombination - ANS ✔✔when an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs
from those in the parental generation
loss-of-function alleles - ANS ✔✔defective genes which provide geneticists with a great amount
of information
pedigree - ANS ✔✔charts representing family relationships
pedigree analysis - ANS ✔✔aimed at determining the type of inheritance pattern a gene follows
2 mathematical operations which allow for determination of the probability that a cross
between two individuals will produce a particular outcome - ANS ✔✔product rule and binomial
expansion
product rule - ANS ✔✔used in problems in which the outcomes are independent of each other
binomial expansion - ANS ✔✔used in problems having an unordered combination of outcomes
probability - ANS ✔✔chance that an outcome will occur in the future
questions well solved
cross - ANS ✔✔when two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred to each
other
hybridization - ANS ✔✔mating or crossing between 2 individuals with different characteristics
hybrids - ANS ✔✔offspring of a cross
why are pea plants a good species to study? - ANS ✔✔-available in several varieties (height,
color, seeds, and pods)
-ease of making crosses
gamete - ANS ✔✔describes haploid reproductive cells that fuse to form a zygote
male gametes (____) are produced within ______ that form in _____ - ANS ✔✔sperm; pollen
grains; anthers
female gametes (____) are produced within ____ that form in the _____ - ANS ✔✔eggs; ovules;
ovaries
how does fertilization occur? - ANS ✔✔a pollen grain lands on the stigma, stimulating growth of
a pollen tube
-enables sperm cells to enter the stigma and migrate toward an ovule
-fertilization takes place when a sperm enters the micropyle, an opening in the ovule wall, and
fuses with an egg cell
,plant structure and reproduction (image) - ANS ✔✔
self-fertilization - ANS ✔✔pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant
-due to the formation of a keel which encloses reproductive structures of a flower, pea plants
naturally use self-fertilization
cross-fertilization - ANS ✔✔pollen from one plant be placed on the stigma of another plant (2
different plants reproduce)
How do you do cross-fertilization? - ANS ✔✔1) remove anthers before they produce pollen
(immature flower)
2) obtain pollen from another plant by touching mature anthers with a paint brush
3) apply pollen on paintbrush to stigma of flower with anthers removed
characters - ANS ✔✔general characteristics of an organism
trait (or variant) - ANS ✔✔specific properties of a character
breeding true - ANS ✔✔trait doesn't vary in appearance from generation to generation
true-breeding strain (or lines) - ANS ✔✔a variety that continues to produce the same trait after
several generations of self-fertilization
7 characteristics that Mendel looked at - ANS ✔✔height, flower color, flower position, seed
color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape
,recurring themes of cross fertilization (Mendel) - ANS ✔✔F1 only produced 1 trait and F2 had
both traits in a ratio of 3:1
single-factor cross - ANS ✔✔cross in which an experimenter observes one character
gene - ANS ✔✔unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of an organism's traits
allele - ANS ✔✔alternative form of a particular gene
Mendel's law of segregation - ANS ✔✔the two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from
each other during transmission from parent to offspring
heterozygote - ANS ✔✔every individual carries different alleles of a gene
genotype - ANS ✔✔genetic composition of an individual
phenotype - ANS ✔✔observable traits of an organism
How to create a Punnett Square - ANS ✔✔step 1) write down genotypes of both recipients
step 2) write down the possible gametes that each parent can make
step 3) create an empty punnett square (male gametes on one side and female gametes on the
other)
step 4) fill in possible genotypes of the offspring by combining the alleles of the gametes in the
empty boxes
step 5) determine relative proportions of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring
two-factor crosses - ANS ✔✔following the inheritance of two different characters within the
same groups of individuals
, 2 of Mendel's hypothesis - ANS ✔✔1) linked assortment
2) independent assortment
mendels law of independent assortment - ANS ✔✔two different genes will randomly assort
their alleles during the formation of haploid cells
--allele of one gene will be found within a resulting gamete independently of whether the allele
for a different gene is found in the same gamete
genetic recombination - ANS ✔✔when an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs
from those in the parental generation
loss-of-function alleles - ANS ✔✔defective genes which provide geneticists with a great amount
of information
pedigree - ANS ✔✔charts representing family relationships
pedigree analysis - ANS ✔✔aimed at determining the type of inheritance pattern a gene follows
2 mathematical operations which allow for determination of the probability that a cross
between two individuals will produce a particular outcome - ANS ✔✔product rule and binomial
expansion
product rule - ANS ✔✔used in problems in which the outcomes are independent of each other
binomial expansion - ANS ✔✔used in problems having an unordered combination of outcomes
probability - ANS ✔✔chance that an outcome will occur in the future
