study guide ivy tech APHY 101 final Questions
with Detailed Verified Answers
what are the parts of a long bone? Ans: epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? Ans: end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint) with
another bone.
What is the diaphysis? Ans: shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? Ans: hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this
cavity
What is the periosteum? Ans: a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enclosing a
bone
what is compact bone? Ans: wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly packed
tissue
what is spongy bone? Ans: cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification Ans: step one 1: cordlike and connects muscles to
bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some
from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? Ans: as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in
the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? Ans: cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? Ans: bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? Ans: support, protection, movement,
storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? Ans: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? Ans: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle,
lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? Ans: 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels,
tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is
called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
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,how are bones classified? Ans: by shape
what are the shapes of bones? Ans: long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone Ans: femur
example of short bones are Ans: carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones Ans: ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
examples of irregular bones Ans: facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? Ans: hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the bones
What is a joint capsule? Ans: tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? Ans: Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? Ans: inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all of the
surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? Ans: Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones
at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the
joint cavity.
what is the menisci? Ans: cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body
weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? Ans: fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? Ans: 1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
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, 4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion Ans: bending a joint
define extension Ans: Straightening a body part
define hyper extension Ans: increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the
bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion Ans: movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the
foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion Ans: movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of
the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction Ans: moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb horizontally to
form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction Ans: moving towards the midline (returing upper limb from
horizontal position)
define rotation Ans: moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to side)
define circumduction Ans: moving a part so that its ends follows a circular path (arm
cirlces, moving finger in circular motion without moving the hand)
define supination Ans: rotation of forearm so that the palm is upward or facing
anteriorly
define pronation Ans: rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing
posteriorly
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with Detailed Verified Answers
what are the parts of a long bone? Ans: epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? Ans: end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint) with
another bone.
What is the diaphysis? Ans: shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? Ans: hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this
cavity
What is the periosteum? Ans: a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enclosing a
bone
what is compact bone? Ans: wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly packed
tissue
what is spongy bone? Ans: cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification Ans: step one 1: cordlike and connects muscles to
bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some
from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? Ans: as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in
the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? Ans: cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? Ans: bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? Ans: support, protection, movement,
storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? Ans: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? Ans: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle,
lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? Ans: 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels,
tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is
called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
,how are bones classified? Ans: by shape
what are the shapes of bones? Ans: long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone Ans: femur
example of short bones are Ans: carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones Ans: ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
examples of irregular bones Ans: facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? Ans: hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the bones
What is a joint capsule? Ans: tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? Ans: Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? Ans: inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all of the
surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? Ans: Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones
at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the
joint cavity.
what is the menisci? Ans: cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body
weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? Ans: fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? Ans: 1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
, 4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion Ans: bending a joint
define extension Ans: Straightening a body part
define hyper extension Ans: increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the
bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion Ans: movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the
foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion Ans: movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of
the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction Ans: moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb horizontally to
form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction Ans: moving towards the midline (returing upper limb from
horizontal position)
define rotation Ans: moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to side)
define circumduction Ans: moving a part so that its ends follows a circular path (arm
cirlces, moving finger in circular motion without moving the hand)
define supination Ans: rotation of forearm so that the palm is upward or facing
anteriorly
define pronation Ans: rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing
posteriorly
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
