Pathophysiology Module 7
Upperilower,imiddle,iloweriGIitractiandiaccessoryi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiupper:imouth,iesophagus,istomach
middle:iduodenum,ijejunum,iileum
lower:icecum,icolon,irectum
accessory:isalivaryiglands,iliver,ipancreas
whatidigestionistartsiinitheistomachi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiicarbiandiproteinidigestioni(byipepsin)
GIitractifunctioni-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiDigestsifood,iabsorbsinutrientsiandiwateriintoitheiblood,iandieliminatesiwaste
Whatirole(s)idoesitheiliveriserve?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiproducesibile
metabolizesihormonesiandidrugs
synthesizeiproteins,iglucose,iclottingifactors
storesivitaminsiandimineralsi
changesiammoniaitoiurea
convertsifattyiacidsitoiketones
storesiglycogen
convertiexcessicarbsitoitriglyceridesiforistorage
Whatiisitheistructureiandifunctioniofithei4ilayersiofitheiGIiwall?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiMucosalilayer:iProducesimucusithatilubricatesiandiprotectsitheilumen.iSecretesidigestiveienzym
esiandisubstancesithatibreakidownifood;iAbsorbsitheibreakdowniproductsiofidigestion;iMaintainsibarrie
riforitoxins.
Submucosalilayer:ibloodivessels,inerves,iandistructuresitoisecreteidigestiveienzymes.
Muscularisiexterna:iinnericircularlyiarrangedismoothimuscleicellsiandianiouterilayeriofilongitudinallyia
rrangedismoothimuscleilayers.iHelpimoveisubstances.i
Serosalilayer:iwhichiisiaiserousimembrane;ioutermostilayeriofiorgans,icalleditheivisceraliperitoneum.
Whatiisitheimesentery?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiidoubleilayeriofiperitoneumithatienclosesiaiportioniorialliofioneiofitheiabdominalivisceraiandiattac
hesiititoitheiabdominaliwall.i
, bloodivessels,inerves,iandilymphaticivesselsithatisupplyitheiintestinaliwall.iholdsiorgansiiniplaceiandisto
resifat
whatiisibileineededifor?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiifatidigestioniandiabsorption.
formedifromicholesterol
Whatiisitheiomentum?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiidouble-
layerediextensioniorifoldiofiperitoneumithatipassesifromitheistomachitoiadjacentiorgansiinitheiabdomina
licavityioriwall.i
greateriomentumiconnectsistomachitoitransverseicolon
lesseriomentumiconnectsiliveriandistomach
rhythmicivs.itonicimovementsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiRhythmicimovementsiareiintermittenticontractionsithatihelpitoimixiandimoveifoodialong.iTheyia
reifoundiinitheiesophagus,iantrumiofitheistomach,iandismalliintestine.i
Tonicimovementsihaveiaiconstantilevelioficontractionioritoneiwithoutiregulariperiodsiofirelaxation.iThe
yiareilocatediinitheiloweriesophagus,itheiupperiregioniofitheistomach,itheiileocecalivalve,ianditheiinterna
lianalisphincter.
Whatiisitheientericinervousisystem?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiAinetworkiofinerveifiberiandiganglionifoundiinitheiGIitract.iMadeiupibyimyentericiandisubmucos
aliplexuses.i
Interneuronsiconnectiafferentisensoryifibers,iefferentimotoriresponses,iandisecretoryicells.
Whatiareitheimyentericiandisubmucosaliplexuses?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiimyentericiplexus:ilinearichainiofiinterconnectingineuronsilocatedibetweenitheicirculariandilongit
udinalimuscleilayers.iItiisiinvolvediwithiGIimotility.
submucosaliplexus:iliesibetweenitheimucosaliandimuscleilayersiofitheiintestinaliwall.iInvolvediwithicon
trollingisecretions,iabsorption,iandicontractioniofieachisegmentiofitheiintestinalitract.
smoothimuscleigapijunctionsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiielectricallyicouplesicellsibyiallowingitheielectricalisignalsitoimoveirapidlyifromioneifiberitoithein
extitoiinitiateimuscleicontractions
interstitialicellsiofiCajali-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiipacemakericellsithatigiveirhythmicislowiwaves
GIitractiregulationi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiparasympathetic:ivagusinervei
sympathetic:ileadsitoidecreasediGIimotility
howidoesitheistomachichurnifoodi-i
Upperilower,imiddle,iloweriGIitractiandiaccessoryi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiupper:imouth,iesophagus,istomach
middle:iduodenum,ijejunum,iileum
lower:icecum,icolon,irectum
accessory:isalivaryiglands,iliver,ipancreas
whatidigestionistartsiinitheistomachi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiicarbiandiproteinidigestioni(byipepsin)
GIitractifunctioni-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiDigestsifood,iabsorbsinutrientsiandiwateriintoitheiblood,iandieliminatesiwaste
Whatirole(s)idoesitheiliveriserve?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiproducesibile
metabolizesihormonesiandidrugs
synthesizeiproteins,iglucose,iclottingifactors
storesivitaminsiandimineralsi
changesiammoniaitoiurea
convertsifattyiacidsitoiketones
storesiglycogen
convertiexcessicarbsitoitriglyceridesiforistorage
Whatiisitheistructureiandifunctioniofithei4ilayersiofitheiGIiwall?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiMucosalilayer:iProducesimucusithatilubricatesiandiprotectsitheilumen.iSecretesidigestiveienzym
esiandisubstancesithatibreakidownifood;iAbsorbsitheibreakdowniproductsiofidigestion;iMaintainsibarrie
riforitoxins.
Submucosalilayer:ibloodivessels,inerves,iandistructuresitoisecreteidigestiveienzymes.
Muscularisiexterna:iinnericircularlyiarrangedismoothimuscleicellsiandianiouterilayeriofilongitudinallyia
rrangedismoothimuscleilayers.iHelpimoveisubstances.i
Serosalilayer:iwhichiisiaiserousimembrane;ioutermostilayeriofiorgans,icalleditheivisceraliperitoneum.
Whatiisitheimesentery?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiidoubleilayeriofiperitoneumithatienclosesiaiportioniorialliofioneiofitheiabdominalivisceraiandiattac
hesiititoitheiabdominaliwall.i
, bloodivessels,inerves,iandilymphaticivesselsithatisupplyitheiintestinaliwall.iholdsiorgansiiniplaceiandisto
resifat
whatiisibileineededifor?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiifatidigestioniandiabsorption.
formedifromicholesterol
Whatiisitheiomentum?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiidouble-
layerediextensioniorifoldiofiperitoneumithatipassesifromitheistomachitoiadjacentiorgansiinitheiabdomina
licavityioriwall.i
greateriomentumiconnectsistomachitoitransverseicolon
lesseriomentumiconnectsiliveriandistomach
rhythmicivs.itonicimovementsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiRhythmicimovementsiareiintermittenticontractionsithatihelpitoimixiandimoveifoodialong.iTheyia
reifoundiinitheiesophagus,iantrumiofitheistomach,iandismalliintestine.i
Tonicimovementsihaveiaiconstantilevelioficontractionioritoneiwithoutiregulariperiodsiofirelaxation.iThe
yiareilocatediinitheiloweriesophagus,itheiupperiregioniofitheistomach,itheiileocecalivalve,ianditheiinterna
lianalisphincter.
Whatiisitheientericinervousisystem?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiAinetworkiofinerveifiberiandiganglionifoundiinitheiGIitract.iMadeiupibyimyentericiandisubmucos
aliplexuses.i
Interneuronsiconnectiafferentisensoryifibers,iefferentimotoriresponses,iandisecretoryicells.
Whatiareitheimyentericiandisubmucosaliplexuses?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiimyentericiplexus:ilinearichainiofiinterconnectingineuronsilocatedibetweenitheicirculariandilongit
udinalimuscleilayers.iItiisiinvolvediwithiGIimotility.
submucosaliplexus:iliesibetweenitheimucosaliandimuscleilayersiofitheiintestinaliwall.iInvolvediwithicon
trollingisecretions,iabsorption,iandicontractioniofieachisegmentiofitheiintestinalitract.
smoothimuscleigapijunctionsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiielectricallyicouplesicellsibyiallowingitheielectricalisignalsitoimoveirapidlyifromioneifiberitoithein
extitoiinitiateimuscleicontractions
interstitialicellsiofiCajali-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiipacemakericellsithatigiveirhythmicislowiwaves
GIitractiregulationi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiparasympathetic:ivagusinervei
sympathetic:ileadsitoidecreasediGIimotility
howidoesitheistomachichurnifoodi-i
