FNDH 400 Final Exam –
Human Nutrition
Fundamentals &
Metabolism Review EXAM
2025 -2026 WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS
linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid - ANSWER-Eicosanoid production from linoleic acid
elongated fatty acids are more inflammatory than those produced from alpha-linoleic
acid elongated fatty acids
sugar alcohols (polyols) - ANSWER-Sugar alcohols are a good option for chewing gum
because they are not readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth, decreasing acid
production and thus decreasing cavity formation.
, Beano - ANSWER-Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the alpha 1-6 bonds in
oligosaccharides thereby decreasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon
decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence
Bile - ANSWER-Bile is synthesized by the liver and concentrated in the gallbladder and
helps emulsify lipids.
6 fructoses and 1 glucose - ANSWER-This compound is selectively fermented by
beneficial colon bacteria and is both an oligosaccharide and a prebiotic.
Galactose - ANSWER-Galactose is seldom found in nature alone, and is beta-bonded
to glucose in lactose.
Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth and the
enzyme responsible for this action - ANSWER-Carbohydrates - salivary amylase
Which type of fiber survives digestion and is excreted as a part of feces? - ANSWER-
nonfermentable, non viscous fiber
Name the components of pancreatic juice - ANSWER-Bicarbonate, and Digestive
enzymes
Gastric juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what condition? -
ANSWER-Heartburn and/or gastroesophageal reflux disease
Name the 2 alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not artificial or
synthesized) - ANSWER-Stevia and Luo Han Guo (monkfruit) extract
Complete proteins - ANSWER-an amino acid score above 100, cannot have limiting
amino acids
Complementary proteins - ANSWER-both must have different limiting amino acids.
Alternative sweetener that is a concern for those with PKU - ANSWER-Aspartame -
Aspartame is broken down into phenylalanine, which is an amino acid that those with
PKU should limit. They cannot metabolize it. Can lead to adverse effects if consumed at
too high levels.
Differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose (main type of fiber) -
ANSWER-Glycogen chains are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond branch points.
Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 bonds.
Cellulose contains beta bonds.
Digestion process in the stomach and which macronutrients are not digested to any
great extent. - ANSWER-Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen, gastric lipase,
and HCl. HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein. Gastric lipase
Human Nutrition
Fundamentals &
Metabolism Review EXAM
2025 -2026 WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS
linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid - ANSWER-Eicosanoid production from linoleic acid
elongated fatty acids are more inflammatory than those produced from alpha-linoleic
acid elongated fatty acids
sugar alcohols (polyols) - ANSWER-Sugar alcohols are a good option for chewing gum
because they are not readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth, decreasing acid
production and thus decreasing cavity formation.
, Beano - ANSWER-Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the alpha 1-6 bonds in
oligosaccharides thereby decreasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon
decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence
Bile - ANSWER-Bile is synthesized by the liver and concentrated in the gallbladder and
helps emulsify lipids.
6 fructoses and 1 glucose - ANSWER-This compound is selectively fermented by
beneficial colon bacteria and is both an oligosaccharide and a prebiotic.
Galactose - ANSWER-Galactose is seldom found in nature alone, and is beta-bonded
to glucose in lactose.
Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth and the
enzyme responsible for this action - ANSWER-Carbohydrates - salivary amylase
Which type of fiber survives digestion and is excreted as a part of feces? - ANSWER-
nonfermentable, non viscous fiber
Name the components of pancreatic juice - ANSWER-Bicarbonate, and Digestive
enzymes
Gastric juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what condition? -
ANSWER-Heartburn and/or gastroesophageal reflux disease
Name the 2 alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not artificial or
synthesized) - ANSWER-Stevia and Luo Han Guo (monkfruit) extract
Complete proteins - ANSWER-an amino acid score above 100, cannot have limiting
amino acids
Complementary proteins - ANSWER-both must have different limiting amino acids.
Alternative sweetener that is a concern for those with PKU - ANSWER-Aspartame -
Aspartame is broken down into phenylalanine, which is an amino acid that those with
PKU should limit. They cannot metabolize it. Can lead to adverse effects if consumed at
too high levels.
Differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose (main type of fiber) -
ANSWER-Glycogen chains are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond branch points.
Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 bonds.
Cellulose contains beta bonds.
Digestion process in the stomach and which macronutrients are not digested to any
great extent. - ANSWER-Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen, gastric lipase,
and HCl. HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein. Gastric lipase
