PA as a Profession Midterm EXAM Questions AND Correct Answers
21st century trend med history - ✔✔- Increasing specialization
- Specialty of Orthopaedic Surgery now evolving into sports medicine,
hand surgery, spine, joint replacement, oncology
- Increasing academia
- Rising doctoral degrees
- Now physical therapy, pharmacy, nurse practitioner all require
doctorate
- Industrialization of medicine
- Vertical integration: insurance, doctors, hospitals, therapy, nursing
facilities all owned by one system (Geissinger and Kaiser Permanente
are model systems)
- Rise of preventative care
- Acute fatal illnesses mostly controlled
- Smallpox eradicated 1977
- Polio, measles, diphtheria, mumps vaccines, even vaccine for
cervical cancer (HPV)
- However, rise of anti-vaccine movement threatens successes
- Chronic diseases now focus
- Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking
- But always new diseases may occur (COVID-19)
- Universal health care
,- Began with socialized health care and workplace insurance in
Germany 1880's, now universal in the developed world with the
exception of the United States
- Medicare (care for those who can't afford commercial insurance)
and Medicaid (care for all citizens over age 65) 1965 sponsored by
Lyndon Johnson "Great Society" initiative
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 (Obamacare) -
many discussions since but original provisions seem likely to survive
Advanced Practice Clinicians - ✔✔- Usually includes PAs and NPs
- Sometimes chiropractors, optometrists, psychologists
- Also called mid-level practitioners, physician extenders
- When describing someone who diagnoses and treats illness
(generally physicians, PAs, and NPs) can use the term "provider"
Affordable care act - ✔✔March 23, 2010 President Obama signs into
law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- All citizens will gain access to health coverage
- Subsidies for low-income families and persons to purchase
insurance
- New insurance rules
- No denial based on pre-existing conditions
- No lifetime caps on coverage or cancellation
,- Children remain on parents coverage until age 26
- Health insurance exchanges and co-ops created in each state
- Tax credits to small business for the purchase of health insurance
- High risk insurance pools created
- Claims processing will be standardized and streamlined
- Medicare Part D "doughnut hole" eliminated
- Primary care payment from Medicaid will equal from Medicare
- Prevention and wellness initiatives will be promoted
- Funding for medical liability reform testing
Anatomy - ✔✔- Dissection allowed by the church
- Versalius published De Humani Coporis Fabrica (On the fabric of the
human body) in 1543 in seven volumes
- Corrected errors in Aristotle by direct observation
Anesthesia - ✔✔- First successful demonstration of surgery under
ether 1849 at The Massachusetts General Hospital by dentist William
Morton (removal of neck tumor)
- First use of chloroform 1847 in Edinburgh in obstetrics, popularized
after used on Queen Victoria in labor in 1853
- Combination of anesthesia and antisepsis made surgery a practical
and successful option for treatment
, Antisepsis - ✔✔- Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865) advocated
handwashing to prevent pueperal fever (childbed fever)
- Used statistical methods to reduce mortality from 10-35% to 1%
- Was initially ridiculed, died in asylum, only accepted after Pasteur
proved "germ theory" of disease
- Antisepsis (sterile field) in surgery developed by Joseph Lister (1827-
1912) using carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize instruments and clean
wounds
Barefoot Doctors - ✔✔1966
•China
-Physicians sent to the field to work, peasants without medical
personnel
-Provide medical services to rural Chinese populations
•Hygiene, prevention of illness, family planning, treat acute illness
-Abolished in 1981
China- Providers emerged from 1966 cultural revolution led by
chairman Mao- sent many physicians to the fields to work, leaving
peasants without medical personnel. Barefoot doctors received 3
months on the job training in the villages which they served when not
working in the rice fields. Emphasis was on common diseases
Both China and Russia non-physician providers constitute a large part
of healthcare system
21st century trend med history - ✔✔- Increasing specialization
- Specialty of Orthopaedic Surgery now evolving into sports medicine,
hand surgery, spine, joint replacement, oncology
- Increasing academia
- Rising doctoral degrees
- Now physical therapy, pharmacy, nurse practitioner all require
doctorate
- Industrialization of medicine
- Vertical integration: insurance, doctors, hospitals, therapy, nursing
facilities all owned by one system (Geissinger and Kaiser Permanente
are model systems)
- Rise of preventative care
- Acute fatal illnesses mostly controlled
- Smallpox eradicated 1977
- Polio, measles, diphtheria, mumps vaccines, even vaccine for
cervical cancer (HPV)
- However, rise of anti-vaccine movement threatens successes
- Chronic diseases now focus
- Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking
- But always new diseases may occur (COVID-19)
- Universal health care
,- Began with socialized health care and workplace insurance in
Germany 1880's, now universal in the developed world with the
exception of the United States
- Medicare (care for those who can't afford commercial insurance)
and Medicaid (care for all citizens over age 65) 1965 sponsored by
Lyndon Johnson "Great Society" initiative
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 (Obamacare) -
many discussions since but original provisions seem likely to survive
Advanced Practice Clinicians - ✔✔- Usually includes PAs and NPs
- Sometimes chiropractors, optometrists, psychologists
- Also called mid-level practitioners, physician extenders
- When describing someone who diagnoses and treats illness
(generally physicians, PAs, and NPs) can use the term "provider"
Affordable care act - ✔✔March 23, 2010 President Obama signs into
law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- All citizens will gain access to health coverage
- Subsidies for low-income families and persons to purchase
insurance
- New insurance rules
- No denial based on pre-existing conditions
- No lifetime caps on coverage or cancellation
,- Children remain on parents coverage until age 26
- Health insurance exchanges and co-ops created in each state
- Tax credits to small business for the purchase of health insurance
- High risk insurance pools created
- Claims processing will be standardized and streamlined
- Medicare Part D "doughnut hole" eliminated
- Primary care payment from Medicaid will equal from Medicare
- Prevention and wellness initiatives will be promoted
- Funding for medical liability reform testing
Anatomy - ✔✔- Dissection allowed by the church
- Versalius published De Humani Coporis Fabrica (On the fabric of the
human body) in 1543 in seven volumes
- Corrected errors in Aristotle by direct observation
Anesthesia - ✔✔- First successful demonstration of surgery under
ether 1849 at The Massachusetts General Hospital by dentist William
Morton (removal of neck tumor)
- First use of chloroform 1847 in Edinburgh in obstetrics, popularized
after used on Queen Victoria in labor in 1853
- Combination of anesthesia and antisepsis made surgery a practical
and successful option for treatment
, Antisepsis - ✔✔- Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865) advocated
handwashing to prevent pueperal fever (childbed fever)
- Used statistical methods to reduce mortality from 10-35% to 1%
- Was initially ridiculed, died in asylum, only accepted after Pasteur
proved "germ theory" of disease
- Antisepsis (sterile field) in surgery developed by Joseph Lister (1827-
1912) using carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize instruments and clean
wounds
Barefoot Doctors - ✔✔1966
•China
-Physicians sent to the field to work, peasants without medical
personnel
-Provide medical services to rural Chinese populations
•Hygiene, prevention of illness, family planning, treat acute illness
-Abolished in 1981
China- Providers emerged from 1966 cultural revolution led by
chairman Mao- sent many physicians to the fields to work, leaving
peasants without medical personnel. Barefoot doctors received 3
months on the job training in the villages which they served when not
working in the rice fields. Emphasis was on common diseases
Both China and Russia non-physician providers constitute a large part
of healthcare system
