NURS 401- EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

NURS 401- EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ Obj. 1 - Answers Hypertrophy - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each cell. Hyperplasia - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells. Neoplasia - any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead and damaged tissues. Benign Tumor Cells - Answers (Looks like parent, small nucleus, tightly encapsulated) -Continuous or inappropriate cell growth Specific morphology -Small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio Specific differentiated functions -Tight adherence No migration Orderly growth Normal chromosomes(23 pairs) Malignant/ Cancer Cells - Answers (small roud & doesnt look like parent cell, rapid cell growth, nucleus LARGE, non adherence (Wonders), migrates, chromosome broken/aplopoid) -Rapid or continuous cell division Anaplasia (lose characteristic of parent cells or normal self) -Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio Specific functions lost -Loose adherence -Migration No contact inhibition -Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy) lost (<23), gained (>23), or broken Obj 2. Identify cancer types for which primary prevention is possible - Answers involves avoiding exposure to known causes of cancer (tobacco, asbestos, eating healthy choices, inc fiber, high sex partners, remove moles suspicious, sunscreen, taking vitamin D)... secondary is early detection Obj. 3 Compare the cancer development processes of initiation and promotion. - Answers Initiation - Step 1 in carcinogenesis. Exposure to carcinogen which penetrates cell, damage DNA, and change or mutate the cell. Irreversible, but only leads to cancer if cell division is not impaired. Promotion - enhancement of growth of initiated cell. Normal hormones and body proteins, like insulin and estrogen, can cause altered cells to divide more frequently. Shortens the latency period. (KNOW-shortened latency) (Initation penetration cell & damaging DNA= mutating cell. Promotion- growth of damaged/intiated cell. cause altertered cells to decide for frequently) Cancer Development.. Progression & Metastasis - Answers Progression - increasing malignancy over time. To become a health problem, tumor must develop it's own blood supply: TAF; less resemblance to original initiator, increasing malignancy. Metastasis - breaks away from primary location and establishing remote colonies Metastasis stepwise progression - Answers Extension into surrounding tissues Blood vessel penetration Release of tumor cells Invasion Local seeding Bloodborne metastasis Lymphatic spread Common sites of metastasis... Breast, Lung & Colorectal - Answers *Breast- *Bone, *lung, liver, brain (BBLL) Lung- *Brain, bone, liver, lymph nodes, pancreas (BBLLP) Colorectal- *Liver, lymph nodes, (LL) adjacent structures Common sites of metastasis... Prostate, Melanoma & Primary brain cancer - Answers Prostate- *Bone (esp. spine & legs), pelvic nodes (BP) Melanoma-GI tract, lymph nodes, lung, brain (GLLB) Primary brain cancer- central nervous system Obj. 4 Describe the TNM system of cancer staging - Answers Tumor, node, metastasis T - Primary tumor: Tx (cannot be assessed) To (no evidence) Tis (carcinoma situ) T1, T2, T3, T4 (inc in size and local extent) N - Regional lymph node involvement: