Final Blueprint
Cellular hypoxia
• Hypoxia causes the cell to enter anaerobic metabolism, during which it generates
2 ATP, a low amount of energy, and pyruvic acid.
• Pyruvic acid changes into lactic acid. LA causes muscle pain.
• Other causes of hypoxia include exposure to low concentrations of oxygen in the
environment, such as occurs at high altitudes; inadequate oxygen diffusion at the
alveoli, as in pneumonia; suffocation injury; or airway obstruction caused by a
foreign body or inflammation of oropharyngeal tissues.
Therapeutic cloning
• Therapeutic cloning is a field that involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells
and performing nuclear transfer on these cells.
• The procedure involves taking an embryonic stem cell and extracting its nucleus.
• This is followed by injecting the embryonic stem cell with the DNA from the cell
of a patient in need of a transplant, thereby creating an embryonic stem cell with
the exact DNA match of the patient.
Malaria
, • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common
enzyme disorder in humans.
• Inherited as a recessive X-linked disorder, G6PD deficiency affects 400 million
people worldwide.
• Like sickle cell anemia, G6PD deficiency confers protection against malaria,
which probably accounts for its continual presence from generation to generation
within the population.
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
ALARM STAGE-
• A state of arousal characterized by the central nervous system, sympathetic
nervous system (SNS), and adrenal gland stimulation.
• The SNS, also known as the adrenergic nervous system, releases the
catecholamine norepinephrine, which increases alertness and stimulates
cardiorespiratory and vascular responses.
, • Norepinephrine also causes vasoconstriction of the arterial blood vessels that
bring blood to the heart muscle, lungs, and skeletal muscles.
• Heart and respiratory rate increase as peripheral circulation decreases
GI peristaltic movement
• Peristaltic wave activity significantly diminishes with the supine position –
continued bed rest.
• The supine position increases susceptibility to gastroesophageal reflux.
Patients on bedrest, have diminished appetite, Muscle atrophy and Constipation. And
lack of physical activity inhibits movement of intestinal contents and gas.
Somatic Pain
• Deep somatic pain originates from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and
nerves themselves.
• The scarcity of pain receptors in these areas produces a dull, poorly localized
pain of longer duration than cutaneous pain;
• examples include sprains and broken bones.
Myofascial pain is a type of somatic pain that is usually caused by tender points in
muscles, tendons, and fascia; it may be localized or referred.
Regional Pain
, • Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic, progressive disorder
characterized by severe pain, edema, discoloration, and changes in the skin.
• Precipitating factors include injury and surgery
Hypotonic solution
• A standard isotonic intravenous solution is 0.9% NaCl solution, also called
normal saline.
• When a hypotonic solution is infused, it adds water to the bloodstream and
causes a fluid shift from ECF to ICF, to deliver water to the body as in
dehydration treatment, causing cells to swell.
• A standard hypotonic solution is 0.45% NaCl and is also referred to a half
normal saline.
When a hypertonic solution is infused into the bloodstream, this adds solutes to the
bloodstream and causes fluids to shift from ICF to ECF, causing body cells to shrink.
Serum Albumin
• Albumin is the major source of oncotic pressure; hypoalbuminemia will cause low
oncotic pressure in the bloodstream.
• When oncotic pressure is low, hydrostatic pressure will push fluid out of the
capillary into the ISF and ICF compartments, creating an edematous state.
Facilitated transport.
Cellular hypoxia
• Hypoxia causes the cell to enter anaerobic metabolism, during which it generates
2 ATP, a low amount of energy, and pyruvic acid.
• Pyruvic acid changes into lactic acid. LA causes muscle pain.
• Other causes of hypoxia include exposure to low concentrations of oxygen in the
environment, such as occurs at high altitudes; inadequate oxygen diffusion at the
alveoli, as in pneumonia; suffocation injury; or airway obstruction caused by a
foreign body or inflammation of oropharyngeal tissues.
Therapeutic cloning
• Therapeutic cloning is a field that involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells
and performing nuclear transfer on these cells.
• The procedure involves taking an embryonic stem cell and extracting its nucleus.
• This is followed by injecting the embryonic stem cell with the DNA from the cell
of a patient in need of a transplant, thereby creating an embryonic stem cell with
the exact DNA match of the patient.
Malaria
, • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common
enzyme disorder in humans.
• Inherited as a recessive X-linked disorder, G6PD deficiency affects 400 million
people worldwide.
• Like sickle cell anemia, G6PD deficiency confers protection against malaria,
which probably accounts for its continual presence from generation to generation
within the population.
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
ALARM STAGE-
• A state of arousal characterized by the central nervous system, sympathetic
nervous system (SNS), and adrenal gland stimulation.
• The SNS, also known as the adrenergic nervous system, releases the
catecholamine norepinephrine, which increases alertness and stimulates
cardiorespiratory and vascular responses.
, • Norepinephrine also causes vasoconstriction of the arterial blood vessels that
bring blood to the heart muscle, lungs, and skeletal muscles.
• Heart and respiratory rate increase as peripheral circulation decreases
GI peristaltic movement
• Peristaltic wave activity significantly diminishes with the supine position –
continued bed rest.
• The supine position increases susceptibility to gastroesophageal reflux.
Patients on bedrest, have diminished appetite, Muscle atrophy and Constipation. And
lack of physical activity inhibits movement of intestinal contents and gas.
Somatic Pain
• Deep somatic pain originates from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and
nerves themselves.
• The scarcity of pain receptors in these areas produces a dull, poorly localized
pain of longer duration than cutaneous pain;
• examples include sprains and broken bones.
Myofascial pain is a type of somatic pain that is usually caused by tender points in
muscles, tendons, and fascia; it may be localized or referred.
Regional Pain
, • Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic, progressive disorder
characterized by severe pain, edema, discoloration, and changes in the skin.
• Precipitating factors include injury and surgery
Hypotonic solution
• A standard isotonic intravenous solution is 0.9% NaCl solution, also called
normal saline.
• When a hypotonic solution is infused, it adds water to the bloodstream and
causes a fluid shift from ECF to ICF, to deliver water to the body as in
dehydration treatment, causing cells to swell.
• A standard hypotonic solution is 0.45% NaCl and is also referred to a half
normal saline.
When a hypertonic solution is infused into the bloodstream, this adds solutes to the
bloodstream and causes fluids to shift from ICF to ECF, causing body cells to shrink.
Serum Albumin
• Albumin is the major source of oncotic pressure; hypoalbuminemia will cause low
oncotic pressure in the bloodstream.
• When oncotic pressure is low, hydrostatic pressure will push fluid out of the
capillary into the ISF and ICF compartments, creating an edematous state.
Facilitated transport.
