Arch 131 Genetics exam Questions and
answers
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - ✅✅1850s research on plant hybridization
pea plant experiments
Mendels's Hypothesis - ✅✅each plant contains 2 "factors" (alleles) for a trait
when crossing 2 plants, they randomly pass on one of the alleles
2 pure strains (SS, ww) each offspring will be heterozygous (Sw)
2 hybrid strains (Sw), 4 possible combos (SS, Sw, wS, ww)
monohybrid vs dihybrid cross - ✅✅mono - crossing 2 plants that differ in one characteristic
di - plants differ in 2 characteristics (SwYg x SwYg = 3/4 smooth, 3/4 yellow)
principle of segregation - ✅✅offspring inherit one allele for a gene from each parent
these alleles maintain uniqueness through generations (no yellow-green, just yellow OR green)
principle of dominance and recessiveness - ✅✅some expressions of a gene will be dominant over
others
principle of independent assortment - ✅✅different traits are not inherited together as packages -
each is an independent unit with their own chance of being passed on
, monogenic traits - ✅✅Traits determined by a single gene - menders pea plants
polygenic traits - ✅✅traits controlled by multiple genes
when did life first appear - ✅✅3.8 billion years - prokaryotic cells
2 billion years - eukaryotic cells
1 billion years - complex multicellular life
600 million years - animals
plasma membrane - ✅✅outer boundary, regulates transport in ands out of cell, communication
between other cells
cytoplasm - ✅✅source of raw material for constructing protein, provides structural support for
organelles
mitochondria - ✅✅responsible for energy production, contains mitochondrial DNA
ribosomes - ✅✅proteins are synthesized from amino acids here, DNA provides instructions
endoplasmic reticulum - ✅✅provides surface area for ribosomes
somatic cells - ✅✅Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
sex cells - ✅✅gametes, only meant to transfer genetic blueprints
nucleotide - ✅✅1 sugar, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
answers
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - ✅✅1850s research on plant hybridization
pea plant experiments
Mendels's Hypothesis - ✅✅each plant contains 2 "factors" (alleles) for a trait
when crossing 2 plants, they randomly pass on one of the alleles
2 pure strains (SS, ww) each offspring will be heterozygous (Sw)
2 hybrid strains (Sw), 4 possible combos (SS, Sw, wS, ww)
monohybrid vs dihybrid cross - ✅✅mono - crossing 2 plants that differ in one characteristic
di - plants differ in 2 characteristics (SwYg x SwYg = 3/4 smooth, 3/4 yellow)
principle of segregation - ✅✅offspring inherit one allele for a gene from each parent
these alleles maintain uniqueness through generations (no yellow-green, just yellow OR green)
principle of dominance and recessiveness - ✅✅some expressions of a gene will be dominant over
others
principle of independent assortment - ✅✅different traits are not inherited together as packages -
each is an independent unit with their own chance of being passed on
, monogenic traits - ✅✅Traits determined by a single gene - menders pea plants
polygenic traits - ✅✅traits controlled by multiple genes
when did life first appear - ✅✅3.8 billion years - prokaryotic cells
2 billion years - eukaryotic cells
1 billion years - complex multicellular life
600 million years - animals
plasma membrane - ✅✅outer boundary, regulates transport in ands out of cell, communication
between other cells
cytoplasm - ✅✅source of raw material for constructing protein, provides structural support for
organelles
mitochondria - ✅✅responsible for energy production, contains mitochondrial DNA
ribosomes - ✅✅proteins are synthesized from amino acids here, DNA provides instructions
endoplasmic reticulum - ✅✅provides surface area for ribosomes
somatic cells - ✅✅Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
sex cells - ✅✅gametes, only meant to transfer genetic blueprints
nucleotide - ✅✅1 sugar, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
