Ciulla: Urinalysis & Body Fluids Exam Questions with Verified Solutions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2tpx6
1. Why is the first-voided morning urine specimen the most desirable specimen
for routine urinalysis?
A. Most dilute specimen of the day and
therefore any chemical compounds present will not exceed the detectability
limitsofthereagentstrips
B. Least likely to be contaminated with microorganisms because the bladder is
a sterile environment
C. Most likely to contain protein because the patient has been in the orthostatic
position during the night
D. Most concentrated specimen of the day and therefore it is more likely that
abnormalities will be detected: Most concentrated specimen of the day and therefore it is more likely
that abnormalities will be detected.
The first-voided morning urine specimen is the most desirable for chemical and microscopic analysis because it is the
most concentrated specimen of the day. Protein and nitrite testing is better performed on a concentrated specimen, as
are the specific gravity determination and the examination of urinary sediment. However, because of the lack of food
and fluid intake during the night, glucose metabolism may be better assessed on the basis of a postprandial specimen.
2. The physical characteristic of color is assessed when a routine urinalysis
is performed. What substance is normally found in urine that is principally
responsible for its yellow coloration?
A. Bilirubin
B. Melanin
C. Carotene
D. Urochrome: Urochrome, a yellow-brown pigment derived from urobilin, is principally responsible for the
yellow coloration of normal urine. Urochrome is excreted at a constant rate, showing no diurnal variation. Therefore,
the color of normal urine, which may range from straw to deep amber, is dependent on the concentrating ability of the
kidney and the volume of urine excreted.
3. In certain malignant disorders, what substance is found in the urine that
turns the urine dark brown or black on exposure of the urine to air?
A. Urobilinogen
B. Indican
C. Melanin
, Ciulla: Urinalysis & Body Fluids Exam Questions with Verified Solutions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2tpx6
D. Porphyrin: Melanin, a substance derived from tyrosine, is responsible for the pigmentation of the eyes, skin,
and hair. In some malignancies, known as melanomas, the tumor or mole takes on a darkly pigmented appearance
because of the melanin present. In cases of metastatic melanoma, melanogen, which is a colorless precursor of melanin,
is excreted in the urine. If the urine is allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours, the melanogen is oxidized
to melanin, imparting a dark brown or black coloration to the specimen. Qualitative screening tests for the detection of
melanin in urine use ferric chloride or sodium nitroprusside as the oxidation reagent systems.
4. What is the expected pH range of a freshly voided urine specimen?
A. 3.5-8.0
B. 3.5-9.0
C. 4.0-8.5
D. 4.5-8.0: 4.5-8.0
pH is a representative symbol for the hydrogen ion concentration. The kidney plays an important role in the maintenance
of the acid-base balance of body fluids by either excreting or retaining hydrogen ions. A normally functioning kidney
will excrete urine with a pH between 4.5 and 8.0, depending on the overall acid-base needs of the body.
5. Urine specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. If
urine specimens are allowed to stand at room temperature for an excessive
amount of time, the urine pH will become alkaline because of bacterial decom-
position of
A. Protein
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Ketones: Urea
At room temperature, the amount of bacteria present in a urine sample will increase. The bacteria are capable of
metabolizing the urinary urea to ammonia. The ammonia formed through this process will cause an alkalinization of
the urine.
6. Which term is defined as a urine volume in excess of 2000 mL excreted over
a 24-hour period?
A. Anuria
B. Oliguria
C. Polyuria
, Ciulla: Urinalysis & Body Fluids Exam Questions with Verified Solutions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2tpx6
D. Hypersthenuria: Polyuria
On the average, a normal adult excretes 1200-1500 mL of urine daily. "Polyuria" is a term used to describe the excretion
of a urine volume in excess of 2000 mL/day. In oliguria, the daily urine excretion is less than 500 mL, and in anuria the
urine formation is completely suppressed. Hypersthenuria refers to urines of any volume containing increased levels
of dissolved solute.
7. The reagent test strips used for the detection of protein in urine are most
reactive to
A. Albumin
B. Hemoglobin
C. Alpha-globulins
D. Beta-globulins: Albumin
In healthy individuals the amount of protein excreted in the urine should not exceed 150 mg/24 hr. When protein is
present in the urine, the colorimetric reagent test strips change color, indicating a semiquantification of the amount of
protein present. Serum proteins are classified as being albumin or globulin in nature, and the type of protein excreted
in the urine is dependent on the disorder present. Although the strip test is a rapid screening method for the detection
of urinary protein, it must be noted that this method is more sensitive to the presence of albumin in the specimen than
to the presence of globulin, Bence Jones protein, or mucoprotein.
8. A urine specimen that exhibits yellow foam on being shaken should be sus-
pected of having an increased concentration of
A. Protein
B. Hemoglobin
C. Bilirubin
D. Nitrite: Bilirubin
Normal urine does not foam on being shaken. However, the urine containing bilirubin will exhibit yellow foaming when
the specimen is shaken. In fact, the foam test was actually the first test for bilirubin, before the development of the
chemical tests. If the shaken specimen shows a white foam, increased urine protein can be suspected.
9. How should controls be run to ensure the precision and accuracy of the
reagent test strips used for the chemical analysis of urine?
A. Positive controls should be run on a daily basis and negative controls when
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2tpx6
1. Why is the first-voided morning urine specimen the most desirable specimen
for routine urinalysis?
A. Most dilute specimen of the day and
therefore any chemical compounds present will not exceed the detectability
limitsofthereagentstrips
B. Least likely to be contaminated with microorganisms because the bladder is
a sterile environment
C. Most likely to contain protein because the patient has been in the orthostatic
position during the night
D. Most concentrated specimen of the day and therefore it is more likely that
abnormalities will be detected: Most concentrated specimen of the day and therefore it is more likely
that abnormalities will be detected.
The first-voided morning urine specimen is the most desirable for chemical and microscopic analysis because it is the
most concentrated specimen of the day. Protein and nitrite testing is better performed on a concentrated specimen, as
are the specific gravity determination and the examination of urinary sediment. However, because of the lack of food
and fluid intake during the night, glucose metabolism may be better assessed on the basis of a postprandial specimen.
2. The physical characteristic of color is assessed when a routine urinalysis
is performed. What substance is normally found in urine that is principally
responsible for its yellow coloration?
A. Bilirubin
B. Melanin
C. Carotene
D. Urochrome: Urochrome, a yellow-brown pigment derived from urobilin, is principally responsible for the
yellow coloration of normal urine. Urochrome is excreted at a constant rate, showing no diurnal variation. Therefore,
the color of normal urine, which may range from straw to deep amber, is dependent on the concentrating ability of the
kidney and the volume of urine excreted.
3. In certain malignant disorders, what substance is found in the urine that
turns the urine dark brown or black on exposure of the urine to air?
A. Urobilinogen
B. Indican
C. Melanin
, Ciulla: Urinalysis & Body Fluids Exam Questions with Verified Solutions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2tpx6
D. Porphyrin: Melanin, a substance derived from tyrosine, is responsible for the pigmentation of the eyes, skin,
and hair. In some malignancies, known as melanomas, the tumor or mole takes on a darkly pigmented appearance
because of the melanin present. In cases of metastatic melanoma, melanogen, which is a colorless precursor of melanin,
is excreted in the urine. If the urine is allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours, the melanogen is oxidized
to melanin, imparting a dark brown or black coloration to the specimen. Qualitative screening tests for the detection of
melanin in urine use ferric chloride or sodium nitroprusside as the oxidation reagent systems.
4. What is the expected pH range of a freshly voided urine specimen?
A. 3.5-8.0
B. 3.5-9.0
C. 4.0-8.5
D. 4.5-8.0: 4.5-8.0
pH is a representative symbol for the hydrogen ion concentration. The kidney plays an important role in the maintenance
of the acid-base balance of body fluids by either excreting or retaining hydrogen ions. A normally functioning kidney
will excrete urine with a pH between 4.5 and 8.0, depending on the overall acid-base needs of the body.
5. Urine specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. If
urine specimens are allowed to stand at room temperature for an excessive
amount of time, the urine pH will become alkaline because of bacterial decom-
position of
A. Protein
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Ketones: Urea
At room temperature, the amount of bacteria present in a urine sample will increase. The bacteria are capable of
metabolizing the urinary urea to ammonia. The ammonia formed through this process will cause an alkalinization of
the urine.
6. Which term is defined as a urine volume in excess of 2000 mL excreted over
a 24-hour period?
A. Anuria
B. Oliguria
C. Polyuria
, Ciulla: Urinalysis & Body Fluids Exam Questions with Verified Solutions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2tpx6
D. Hypersthenuria: Polyuria
On the average, a normal adult excretes 1200-1500 mL of urine daily. "Polyuria" is a term used to describe the excretion
of a urine volume in excess of 2000 mL/day. In oliguria, the daily urine excretion is less than 500 mL, and in anuria the
urine formation is completely suppressed. Hypersthenuria refers to urines of any volume containing increased levels
of dissolved solute.
7. The reagent test strips used for the detection of protein in urine are most
reactive to
A. Albumin
B. Hemoglobin
C. Alpha-globulins
D. Beta-globulins: Albumin
In healthy individuals the amount of protein excreted in the urine should not exceed 150 mg/24 hr. When protein is
present in the urine, the colorimetric reagent test strips change color, indicating a semiquantification of the amount of
protein present. Serum proteins are classified as being albumin or globulin in nature, and the type of protein excreted
in the urine is dependent on the disorder present. Although the strip test is a rapid screening method for the detection
of urinary protein, it must be noted that this method is more sensitive to the presence of albumin in the specimen than
to the presence of globulin, Bence Jones protein, or mucoprotein.
8. A urine specimen that exhibits yellow foam on being shaken should be sus-
pected of having an increased concentration of
A. Protein
B. Hemoglobin
C. Bilirubin
D. Nitrite: Bilirubin
Normal urine does not foam on being shaken. However, the urine containing bilirubin will exhibit yellow foaming when
the specimen is shaken. In fact, the foam test was actually the first test for bilirubin, before the development of the
chemical tests. If the shaken specimen shows a white foam, increased urine protein can be suspected.
9. How should controls be run to ensure the precision and accuracy of the
reagent test strips used for the chemical analysis of urine?
A. Positive controls should be run on a daily basis and negative controls when
