BIO 225 ACTUALL FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by preventing the cross-linking during
peptidoglycan synthesis. why does penicillin not inhibit growth of archaeal cells? -
✔✔most archaeal cells have a cell wall, but it is not composed of peptidogylcan.
✔✔a fundamental difference between bacterial and archaeal membranes is that
_______? - ✔✔bacterial membranes are always comprised of phospholipid bilayers,
whereas archaeal membranes can be bilayers or monolayers.
✔✔the organelle responsible for harvesting light as an energy source for photosynthesis
is the ________. - ✔✔chloroplast.
✔✔the most important distinguishing feature of eukaryotes that is lacking in bacteria
and archaea is ________. - ✔✔the division of the cell into compartments that are bound
by membranes.
✔✔which type (eukarya, archaea, bacteria) has flagella that wave back and forth? -
✔✔eukarya
✔✔media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called
_________. - ✔✔complex media
✔✔a growth medium that favors growth of some microorganisms but inhibits growth of
others is called a _________ medium. - ✔✔selective medium.
✔✔most bacteria and archaea cells divide by ________. - ✔✔binary fission
✔✔what is the correct order for binary fission? - ✔✔cell elongates... replicates its
chromosome....separates the chromosome into the 2 parts of the cell.....and the septum
forms at midcell.
✔✔what are some reasons for the decline in cell numbers during the death phase? -
✔✔1. depletion of nutrients
2. accumulation of toxic waste materials
3. depletion of O2
✔✔the destruction or removal of all viable organisms is called? - ✔✔sterilization.
✔✔the prevention of infection caused by microorganisms is called? - ✔✔antisepsis.
✔✔is pasteurization a method of heat sterilization? - ✔✔no.
, ✔✔which kind of sterilization procedure takes advantage of the size of microorganisms?
- ✔✔filtration.
✔✔what are the functions of pasteurization? - ✔✔1. killing pathogenic microorganisms
2. reducing the total microbial population
3. increasing the shelf life of the product
✔✔what are advantages of using bacteriophage to treat human bacterial infections? -
✔✔1. bacteriophage can kill the bacteria
2. bacteriophage will not cause disease or harm humans
3. bacteriophage are very specific for the target bacteria and won't affect normal
microbiota
✔✔the ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose is called? - ✔✔the therapeutic index
✔✔what antibiotic does not inhibit protein synthesis? - ✔✔penicillin
✔✔the most selective antibacterial agents are those that interfere with bacterial cell wall
synthesis. this is because...... - ✔✔bacterial cell walls have a unique structure not found
in eukaryotic host cells
✔✔what is typically treated by antifungal creams or solutions? - ✔✔superficial mycoses
✔✔development of drug resistance is encouraged by what? - ✔✔the widespread use of
broad-spectrum drugs
✔✔the major reason why there are fewer antiprotozoal drugs than antibacterial drugs is
because ___________. - ✔✔it is much more difficult to develop selectively toxic
antiprotozoal drugs since protozoan cells are eukaryotic
✔✔what is not an appropriate strategy for overcoming drug resistance in bacteria? -
✔✔prudent use of antibiotics when treating viral infections.
✔✔organisms that obtain energy from light are called? - ✔✔phototrophs
✔✔_________ are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. - ✔✔ribosomes
✔✔___________________ is a peptidoglycan-like molecule found in the cell walls of
some archaea. - ✔✔pseudomurein
✔✔endoplasmic reticulum with many ribosomes attached is called _________ whereas
ER that is mostly devoid of ribosomes is called _________. - ✔✔rough ER/smooth ER
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by preventing the cross-linking during
peptidoglycan synthesis. why does penicillin not inhibit growth of archaeal cells? -
✔✔most archaeal cells have a cell wall, but it is not composed of peptidogylcan.
✔✔a fundamental difference between bacterial and archaeal membranes is that
_______? - ✔✔bacterial membranes are always comprised of phospholipid bilayers,
whereas archaeal membranes can be bilayers or monolayers.
✔✔the organelle responsible for harvesting light as an energy source for photosynthesis
is the ________. - ✔✔chloroplast.
✔✔the most important distinguishing feature of eukaryotes that is lacking in bacteria
and archaea is ________. - ✔✔the division of the cell into compartments that are bound
by membranes.
✔✔which type (eukarya, archaea, bacteria) has flagella that wave back and forth? -
✔✔eukarya
✔✔media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called
_________. - ✔✔complex media
✔✔a growth medium that favors growth of some microorganisms but inhibits growth of
others is called a _________ medium. - ✔✔selective medium.
✔✔most bacteria and archaea cells divide by ________. - ✔✔binary fission
✔✔what is the correct order for binary fission? - ✔✔cell elongates... replicates its
chromosome....separates the chromosome into the 2 parts of the cell.....and the septum
forms at midcell.
✔✔what are some reasons for the decline in cell numbers during the death phase? -
✔✔1. depletion of nutrients
2. accumulation of toxic waste materials
3. depletion of O2
✔✔the destruction or removal of all viable organisms is called? - ✔✔sterilization.
✔✔the prevention of infection caused by microorganisms is called? - ✔✔antisepsis.
✔✔is pasteurization a method of heat sterilization? - ✔✔no.
, ✔✔which kind of sterilization procedure takes advantage of the size of microorganisms?
- ✔✔filtration.
✔✔what are the functions of pasteurization? - ✔✔1. killing pathogenic microorganisms
2. reducing the total microbial population
3. increasing the shelf life of the product
✔✔what are advantages of using bacteriophage to treat human bacterial infections? -
✔✔1. bacteriophage can kill the bacteria
2. bacteriophage will not cause disease or harm humans
3. bacteriophage are very specific for the target bacteria and won't affect normal
microbiota
✔✔the ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose is called? - ✔✔the therapeutic index
✔✔what antibiotic does not inhibit protein synthesis? - ✔✔penicillin
✔✔the most selective antibacterial agents are those that interfere with bacterial cell wall
synthesis. this is because...... - ✔✔bacterial cell walls have a unique structure not found
in eukaryotic host cells
✔✔what is typically treated by antifungal creams or solutions? - ✔✔superficial mycoses
✔✔development of drug resistance is encouraged by what? - ✔✔the widespread use of
broad-spectrum drugs
✔✔the major reason why there are fewer antiprotozoal drugs than antibacterial drugs is
because ___________. - ✔✔it is much more difficult to develop selectively toxic
antiprotozoal drugs since protozoan cells are eukaryotic
✔✔what is not an appropriate strategy for overcoming drug resistance in bacteria? -
✔✔prudent use of antibiotics when treating viral infections.
✔✔organisms that obtain energy from light are called? - ✔✔phototrophs
✔✔_________ are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. - ✔✔ribosomes
✔✔___________________ is a peptidoglycan-like molecule found in the cell walls of
some archaea. - ✔✔pseudomurein
✔✔endoplasmic reticulum with many ribosomes attached is called _________ whereas
ER that is mostly devoid of ribosomes is called _________. - ✔✔rough ER/smooth ER
