GNRS 515 Advanced Pathophysiology exam questions with answers

GNRS 515 Advanced Pathophysiology|\ |\ |\ |\




exam questions with answers |\ |\ |\




DNA replication - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔untwisted and zipped
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by hydrogen bonds being broken between two pairs
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DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pairs new bases, aka
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complementary base pairing (ATCG) |\ |\ |\




Chromosome aberrations occur where? - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


✔✔occurs among number or structure |\ |\ |\ |\




Explain base pair substitution - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔mutation
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where ATCG base pairing is mixed
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Missense mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A base-pair
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substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different
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amino acid. The "sense" of the codon is altered
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Nonsense mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔substitutions into a
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stop codon, but it is in the wrong place! (quite dangerous)
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Silent mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nucleotide change does
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not affect amino acid
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,Frameshift mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔insertion or
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deletion of one or more base pairs. Changes the entire reading
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frame of DNA sequence (also dangerous)
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Codons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔consist of a group of three
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amino acids that start or stop DNA processing
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Transcription - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA to RNA (uracil |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


replaces thymine) |\




Translation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA to protein (uracil
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replaces thymine) |\




mRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔synthesized from DNA by RNA
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polymerase. Uses tRNA (by binding to ribosome) to sequence
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amino acids |\




Transcription factors - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔also binds to DNA
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& regulates the transcription timing. Can turn on/off gene
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expression


Epigenetics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔is the study of heritable
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changes in gene expression (phenotype) caused by mechanisms
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other than changes in DNA (nucleotide) sequences; e.g. when a
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somatic cell divides (mitotic inheritance), when gametes are
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produced (germline inheritance), or both
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, epigenetic modification - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Epigenetic |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


modifications can cause individuals with the same DNA |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


sequences (such as identical twins) to have different disease
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profiles


functional mRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔carries genetic
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information from DNA to Ribosome present in cytosol, where it is
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used as a template for protein synthesis
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Introns (removed); exons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔which are the
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removed and remaining sequences after remaining DNA
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sequences are spliced |\ |\




exome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔remaining exon sequence
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RNA splicing - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔taking mRNA rough draft
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and making it into an mRNA final sequence
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tRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔directs protein synthesis with
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mRNA and has a site for attachment of an AA (anticodon)
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microRNA (miRNA) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔small RNA |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


sequences that bind to specific mRNA sequences & down- |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


regulate their expression |\ |\




small interfering RNA (siRNA) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔used in
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cancer and gene therapy. not translated in DNA sequence
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