Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach, 6th Edition by Daniel J. Chiego Jr.

Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach (6th Edition, Chiego) – Full Test Bank for Dental Students Chapter 01: Development and Structure of Cells and Tissues Chiego: Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Mitochondria produce which chemical for intracellular energy? a. ADP b. ATP c. RNA d. DNA RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A Mitochondria generate energy through ATP, not ADP, production. B Correct. Mitochondria produce energy via ATP. C Mitochondria generate energy through ATP, not RNA, production. D Mitochondria generate energy through ATP, not DNA, production. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 2-3 OBJ: 1 2. Each tissue originates from mesoderm, EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. Bone b. Liver c. Blood d. Muscle RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A Bone tissue develops from mesodermal cells. B Correct. Liver tissue is produced by endodermal cells. C Blood develops from mesodermal cells. D Muscle tissue develops from mesodermal cells. DIF: Recall REF: p. 6 OBJ: 3 3. Which chemical is called the second messenger? a. aDNA b. mRNA c. dGMP d. cAMP RIGHT CHOICE D Detailed Elaboration> A cAMP is the second messenger; aDNA is not. B cAMP is the second messenger; mRNA is not. C cAMP is the second messenger; dGMP is not. D Correct. cAMP transmits information to the intracellular organelles when activated by surface receptors on the plasma membrane. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 4. Which cellular component facilitates protein synthesis? a. Ribosomes b. Lysosomes c. Mitochondria d. Plasmalemma RIGHT CHOICE A Detailed Elaboration> A Correct. Ribosomes synthesize protein. B Lysosomes facilitate the breakdown of intracellular and extracellular substances. C Mitochondria generate energy. D The plasmalemma provides a protective barrier and regulates the transport of substances to and from the cell. 5. Which organelle produces microtubules? a. Nucleus b. Centriole c. Golgi apparatus d. Endoplasmic reticulum RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A Centrioles generate microtubules; the nucleus does not. B Correct. Centrioles produce microtubules. C Centrioles generate microtubules; the Golgi apparatus does not. D Centrioles generate microtubules; the endoplasmic reticulum does not. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 1 6. Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized as the initial resting stage? a. S phase b. G1 phase c. G2 phase d. Prophase RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A The S phase is characterized as the stage in which DNA synthesis is complete. B Correct. The G1 phase is the initial resting stage. C The G2 phase is characterized by post-DNA duplication. D Prophase is characterized by four specific structural changes. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 1 7. Posttranslational modifications to proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum are accomplished by . a. mitochondria b. Golgi apparatus c. messenger RNA d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A The Golgi apparatus is responsible for posttranslational alterations; mitochondria are not. B Correct. The Golgi apparatus makes alterations to proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. C The Golgi apparatus is responsible for posttranslational alterations; mRNA is not. D The Golgi apparatus is responsible for posttranslational alterations; the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not. DIF: Recall REF: p. 2 OBJ: 1 8. The provides an ideal environment for the implantation and growth of the embryo. a. ovary b. uterine tube c. myometrium d. endometrium RIGHT CHOICE D Detailed Elaboration> A The ovary is the female reproductive organ, in which the ova or eggs are produced. B The uterine tube conducts the egg from the ovary to the uterus. C The myometrium is the smooth muscle that lines the uterus. D Correct. The endometrium provides the ovum with the nourishment necessary for implantation and growth. 9. Intercalated disks are present in which type of muscle? a. Cardiac b. Smooth c. Skeletal d. Voluntary RIGHT CHOICE A Detailed Elaboration> A Correct. Cardiac is the only type of muscle tissue with intercalated disks. B Intercalated disks are not present in smooth muscle. C Intercalated disks are not present in skeletal muscle. D Intercalated disks facilitate the involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle. DIF: Recall REF: p. 15 OBJ: 4 10. Developmental abnormalities are not associated with which number of chromosomes? a. 44 b. 45 c. 46 d. 47 RIGHT CHOICE C Detailed Elaboration> A Developmental abnormalities are associated with less than the normal number of chromosomes (46). B Developmental abnormalities are associated with less than the normal number of chromosomes (46). C Correct. The normal human cell has 46 total chromosomes. D Developmental abnormalities are associated with more than the normal number of chromosomes (46). DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 16 OBJ: 4 11. Which best describes diapedesis? a. Programmed cell death and fragmentation b. A protective mechanism in the immunologic defense of the body c. The development of a cartilage disk in the neck of each long bone d. The migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells to the site of infection RIGHT CHOICE D Detailed Elaboration> A Apoptosis is cell death and fragmentation into membrane-bound particles. B The lymphatic system is an immunologic defense mechanism. C The epiphyseal plate is a developmental disk of cartilage. D Correct. Diapedesis is a process whereby leukocytes migrate between endothelial cells to the site of infection. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 12 OBJ: 4 12. T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages are produced in the . a. spleen b. cerebellum c. lymph nodes d. bone marrow RIGHT CHOICE D Detailed Elaboration> A Immune system cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages) are produced in the bone marrow, not the spleen. B Immune system cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages) are produced in the bone marrow, not the cerebellum. C Immune system cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages) are produced in the bone marrow, not the lymph nodes. D Correct. Bone marrow is the site of formation for T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages. 13. Which represent the first change in shape of the embryo’s body from a flat sheet of cells? a. Formation of the embryonic disk. b. Formation of neural folds. c. Formation of cartilage. d. Migration of myoblasts from the myotome. RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A The embryonic disk forms from a small inner cell mass within the blastocyst. This occurs prior to the formation of the three primordial layers, long before the embryo acquires a three-dimensional shape. B Correct. The neural folds can be seen during the third prenatal week. The lateral edges of the neural plate begin to elevate as folds arise dorsally. C Cartilage first appears in the fifth week. D Muscle cells have begun migrating from the myotome by the 10th prenatal week. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 10-11 OBJ: 3 14. Myotome produces which of the following types of tissue? a. Connective b. Muscle c. Nerve d. Epithelial RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A Connective tissue develops from somites as fibroblasts migrating from either side of the neural tube. B Correct. Myoblasts have begun migrating from the myotome by the 10th prenatal week. They gradually differentiate into elongated, multinucleatedmuscle fibers. C Nerve is derived from both the cranial and trunk neural crest. When the anterior neural tube closes, it shows three dilations that form the primary brain vesicles. D Skin has an epidermis, a surface cell layer that develops from the surface of ectodermal cells, and a dermis, which arises from the underlying mesoderm. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 15 OBJ: 3 15. Which type of bone formation occurs through a tight matrix of collagen fibers, which slowly calcify into bone? a. Endochondral b. Intramembranous c. Epiphyseal d. Interstitial growth RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A Bone replaces cartilage during endochondral bone development. A small bloodvessel enters the cartilage shaft, the cartilage calcifies and disintegrates in the center, and a marrow space is formed. B Correct. Intramembranous bone formation is the direct transformation of connective tissue into bone. It is much simpler for bone cells to organize in thismanner and to form spicules of bone through coalescence with neighboring spicules until a bony plate is formed. C The epiphyseal plate is a developing cartilage disk that remains in the neck of each long bone and bone forms on either side. It will remain as long as the boneis forming. D Cartilage develops and expands by interstitial growth, which is growth within the cartilage matrix by each cartilage cell enlarging and forming matrix around each cell. 16. Blood cells arise from cells called a. neuroblasts. b. fibroblasts. c. osteoblasts. d. angioblasts. RIGHT CHOICE D Detailed Elaboration> A Neuroblasts are primitive nerve cells that develop into adult neurons. B Connective tissue develops from the somites as fibroblasts migrating from either side of the neural tube. C Osteoblasts will form bone. D Correct. The cardiovascular system originates from cells termed angioblasts, which arise from angiogenic clusters from the visceral mesoderm located in the walls of the yolk sac during the third week. The outer cells organize into a series of elongating tubes and the inner cells become blood cells. DIF: Recall REF: p. 15 OBJ: 3 17. Each of the following is a derivative of ectoderm EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. Tooth enamel b. Tooth dentin c. Epidermis d. Nervous system RIGHT CHOICE B Detailed Elaboration> A Tooth enamel is derived from ectoderm. B Correct. Tooth dentin is derived from mesoderm. Muscle and connective tissue derivatives such as: bone, cartilage, blood, pulp, cementum, and the periodontalligament are also derived from mesoderm. C The epidermis, hair, and nails are derived from ectoderm. D The nervous system, sensory epithelium of the eye, ear, and nose, and epithelium of the sinuses, oral and nasal cavities, and intraoral glands are allderived from epithelium. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 9 OBJ: 3