APHY 164 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS
what are the 3 essential roles of the nervous system - ANSWER 1. sensing
2. integrating
3. responding
what are the 5 types of glial cells - ANSWER 1. oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath)
2. ependymal cells (line spinal cord)
3. microglia (phagocytosis)
4. astrocytes (blood-brain barrier, nourish neurons)
5. schwann cells (myelin sheath around nerves in PNS)
what are the 3 classes of neurons - ANSWER 1. sensory (afferent)
2. motor (efferent)
3. interneurons (only CNS, connect motor and sensory)
- multipolar (1 axon multiple dendrites, bipolar (2 processes) and unipolar (1 process)
what makes up the structure of a neuron - ANSWER Soma- cell body, contains nucleus
Dendrites- recieve signals
Axon- carries signals away
Myelin Sheath- encases axon, lipid
Nodes of Ranvier- gaps in myelin sheath
Synaptic Knob- end of axon branches (contain nuerotransmitter)
, what are the 5 stages of impulse conduction - ANSWER 1. resting potential- inside - ,
outside +
2. depolarization- stimulus makes Na enter cells
3. Action Potential- adjacent areas open, more Na enters
4. repolarization- K flows out
5. refractory period- membrane polarized, Na and K are switched, NaK pumps restore
order
- in myelinated fibers AP's occur in nodes of ranvier (saltatory conduction)
what structures make up the spinal cord - ANSWER Gray Matter- mostly
motor/interneurons, contains posterior (dorsal) and ventral (anterior) horns
- posterior (sensory/into), anterior (motor/away)
White Matter- bundles of axons, myelinated
epidural space and central canal
Meninges- Pia Mater (inner), Arachnoid (mid), and Dura Mater (tough/outer) are fibrous
connective tissue protecting spinal cord
what are the 2 spinal nerve tracts - ANSWER 1. Ascending- sensory signals up spinal
cord to brain (dorsal column, spinocerebellar tract, spinothalamic tract)
2. Descending- motor impulses down spinal cord to muscles (corticospinal tracts,
pyramidal tracts)
where are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves - ANSWER 8 cervical
ANSWERS
what are the 3 essential roles of the nervous system - ANSWER 1. sensing
2. integrating
3. responding
what are the 5 types of glial cells - ANSWER 1. oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath)
2. ependymal cells (line spinal cord)
3. microglia (phagocytosis)
4. astrocytes (blood-brain barrier, nourish neurons)
5. schwann cells (myelin sheath around nerves in PNS)
what are the 3 classes of neurons - ANSWER 1. sensory (afferent)
2. motor (efferent)
3. interneurons (only CNS, connect motor and sensory)
- multipolar (1 axon multiple dendrites, bipolar (2 processes) and unipolar (1 process)
what makes up the structure of a neuron - ANSWER Soma- cell body, contains nucleus
Dendrites- recieve signals
Axon- carries signals away
Myelin Sheath- encases axon, lipid
Nodes of Ranvier- gaps in myelin sheath
Synaptic Knob- end of axon branches (contain nuerotransmitter)
, what are the 5 stages of impulse conduction - ANSWER 1. resting potential- inside - ,
outside +
2. depolarization- stimulus makes Na enter cells
3. Action Potential- adjacent areas open, more Na enters
4. repolarization- K flows out
5. refractory period- membrane polarized, Na and K are switched, NaK pumps restore
order
- in myelinated fibers AP's occur in nodes of ranvier (saltatory conduction)
what structures make up the spinal cord - ANSWER Gray Matter- mostly
motor/interneurons, contains posterior (dorsal) and ventral (anterior) horns
- posterior (sensory/into), anterior (motor/away)
White Matter- bundles of axons, myelinated
epidural space and central canal
Meninges- Pia Mater (inner), Arachnoid (mid), and Dura Mater (tough/outer) are fibrous
connective tissue protecting spinal cord
what are the 2 spinal nerve tracts - ANSWER 1. Ascending- sensory signals up spinal
cord to brain (dorsal column, spinocerebellar tract, spinothalamic tract)
2. Descending- motor impulses down spinal cord to muscles (corticospinal tracts,
pyramidal tracts)
where are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves - ANSWER 8 cervical
