Chronic Kidney Disease
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Factors that advance Chronic Kidney Disease:
Proteinuria - contributes to tubulointerstitial injury by promoting
inflammation and progressive fibrosis
Angiotensin II - promotes glomerular hypertension, and participates in
tubulointerstitial fibrosis and scarring
Manifestations:
Edema
, Anemia
Bruising
Treatment (some of many):
Management of protein intake
Supplemental vitamin D
Renal transplantation
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
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Pathophysiology:
Irregular ovulation
Elevated levels of androgens
Appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
Leading cause of infertility in the United States
Associated with metabolic disorder
3x higher chance of uterine cancer
Dysfunction in ovarian follicle development
Manifestations:
Dysfunctional bleeding or amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, acanthosis
nigricans, and infertility
Paraphimosis
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, occurs when the foreskin of the penis is retracted and cannot be moved
forward (reduced) to cover the glans
Causes edema of the glans
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
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Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close
Normally closes within the first few hours of birth.
PDA allows blood to shunt from the pulmonary artery to the aorta before
birth.
Clinical manifestations:
Continuous, machinery-type murmur
Bounding pulses, active precordium, thrill upon palpation, and signs and
symptoms of pulmonary overcirculation
Pyelonephritis
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, Acute Pyelonephritis - is an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts
(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium)
Causes of Acute Pyelonephritis:
Kidney stones - causes obstruction and stasis of urine contributing to
bacteriuria and hydronephrosis as well as irritation of the epithelial lining
with entrapment of bacteria
Vesicoureteral reflux - causes chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into
kidneys during micturition, contributing to bacterial infection
Neurogenic bladder - neurologic impairment interferes with normal
bladder and urethral sphincter contraction with residual urine and
ascending infection
Manifestations:
Fever, chills
UTI symptoms
Treatment:
Antibiotic administration
Neurogenic (Vasogenic) Shock
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is a widespread and massive vasodilation that results from an imbalance
between parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth
muscle
Pathophysiology:
Alterations in smooth muscle tone
Widespread vasodilation occurs from an imbalance between
parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation
Causes persistent vasodilation and creates hypovolemia
BV is unchanged, the amount of space containing the blood increases
resulting in SVR decrease
Give this one a try later!
Factors that advance Chronic Kidney Disease:
Proteinuria - contributes to tubulointerstitial injury by promoting
inflammation and progressive fibrosis
Angiotensin II - promotes glomerular hypertension, and participates in
tubulointerstitial fibrosis and scarring
Manifestations:
Edema
, Anemia
Bruising
Treatment (some of many):
Management of protein intake
Supplemental vitamin D
Renal transplantation
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Give this one a try later!
Pathophysiology:
Irregular ovulation
Elevated levels of androgens
Appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
Leading cause of infertility in the United States
Associated with metabolic disorder
3x higher chance of uterine cancer
Dysfunction in ovarian follicle development
Manifestations:
Dysfunctional bleeding or amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, acanthosis
nigricans, and infertility
Paraphimosis
Give this one a try later!
, occurs when the foreskin of the penis is retracted and cannot be moved
forward (reduced) to cover the glans
Causes edema of the glans
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Give this one a try later!
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close
Normally closes within the first few hours of birth.
PDA allows blood to shunt from the pulmonary artery to the aorta before
birth.
Clinical manifestations:
Continuous, machinery-type murmur
Bounding pulses, active precordium, thrill upon palpation, and signs and
symptoms of pulmonary overcirculation
Pyelonephritis
Give this one a try later!
, Acute Pyelonephritis - is an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts
(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium)
Causes of Acute Pyelonephritis:
Kidney stones - causes obstruction and stasis of urine contributing to
bacteriuria and hydronephrosis as well as irritation of the epithelial lining
with entrapment of bacteria
Vesicoureteral reflux - causes chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into
kidneys during micturition, contributing to bacterial infection
Neurogenic bladder - neurologic impairment interferes with normal
bladder and urethral sphincter contraction with residual urine and
ascending infection
Manifestations:
Fever, chills
UTI symptoms
Treatment:
Antibiotic administration
Neurogenic (Vasogenic) Shock
Give this one a try later!
is a widespread and massive vasodilation that results from an imbalance
between parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth
muscle
Pathophysiology:
Alterations in smooth muscle tone
Widespread vasodilation occurs from an imbalance between
parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation
Causes persistent vasodilation and creates hypovolemia
BV is unchanged, the amount of space containing the blood increases
resulting in SVR decrease
