HIST131 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS
John C. Calhoun - ANSWER -Leading pro slavery senator in the 1830's and 1840's
-Owned upstate South Carolina Plantation with 80 slaves
-Clemson sits on his land today
-Felt the Declaration was "rubbish"
-"All men are created equal" is illogical
-Inequality was a sign of human progress
-Slavery was a "positive good"
-Same views of the Declaration as George Fitzhugh
George Fitzhugh - ANSWER -Calls Jefferson the "Architect of Ruin and Inaugurator of
Anarchy"
-Says Declaration is full of self-evident lies
-Suggests all workers are better off enslaved
-He saw a plantation as a perfect and ideal world where planters/serfs have an
obligation
-Same views of the Declaration as John C. Calhoun
James Henry Hammond - ANSWER -1858
-"Cotton is king"
-"The slaves of the south are content, happy, unaspiring, and utterly incapable"
Abraham Lincoln - ANSWER -Born in 1809
-Humble beginnings, but by 1860 he was a wealthy corporate lawyer
-Used his log cabin background as a political tactic
,-Declared himself a follower of Henry Clay and his "American System"
-Celebrated the political and economic system that allowed him to rise in life
-"The Right to Rise" (on another term)
-Felt slavery needed to end since it was a "necessary evil"
-Hated slavery because it's a monstrous injustice
-Wins election of 1860 as a Republican
-Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Address were both dedicated to his hatred for
slavery
"The Right to Rise" - ANSWER -Abraham Lincoln
-Get rich or die trying
-Created by the Declaration and Constitution
-You were able to rise in life because of the political and economic system in place
Homestead Act - ANSWER -1862 (same year as Morrill Land Grant Act)
-Any U.S. citizen who had never borne arms could file an application and lay claim to
160 acres of government land
-Had to live on land for 5 years and improve it by building a 12x14 home and grow crops
-After 5 years, they submitted a file for a patent (or deed) to the land
-1.6 million Homesteads were granted (270 million acres)
Morrill Land Grant Act - ANSWER -1862 (same year as Homestead Act)
-A nation where everyone has/owns their own land
-Part of the reconstruction era from 1865-1877
"40 Acres and a Mule" - ANSWER -Promise made in the US for agrarian reform for
former enslaved African American farmers by Union General William Tecumseh
Sherman
-January 16, 1865
, Sharecropping - ANSWER -Planter divided up his land and gave each family a cabin and
plot to tend
-In return, the planter received 1/2 the crop and costs for plow, seed, mule, etc.
-Also known as the "crop-lien system)
Andrew Carnegie and "The Gospel of Wealth" - ANSWER -Worked his way up in society
from being a bobbin boy making $1.20 a week at age thirteen to one of the richest men
in the world
-By 18, he was a personal telegrapher and assistant to Thomas Scott, superintendent of
Penn Railroads western division
-Carnegie becomes the superintendent of the Penn Railroad Pitt Division (and avoided
civil war by purchasing a substitute for $850)
-Starts Keystone Bridge company knowing that steel was the future
-Believed that building mansions is not what people should do with their money, instead
it should be put toward philanthropy
-Gives away 90% of his fortune
Vertical and Horizontal Integration - ANSWER -Carnegie becomes an expert at both
-You basically own everything
-Carnegie owned everything associated with U.S. steel
Cutthroat Pricing - ANSWER -Lowering your prices so much that you drive others out of
business and buy them
-Used in "economies of scale"
-There was increased specialization
-You could obtain lower interest rates when borrowing from banks
-Model used in one industry after another
Knights of Labor - ANSWER -1870's and 1880's
ANSWERS
John C. Calhoun - ANSWER -Leading pro slavery senator in the 1830's and 1840's
-Owned upstate South Carolina Plantation with 80 slaves
-Clemson sits on his land today
-Felt the Declaration was "rubbish"
-"All men are created equal" is illogical
-Inequality was a sign of human progress
-Slavery was a "positive good"
-Same views of the Declaration as George Fitzhugh
George Fitzhugh - ANSWER -Calls Jefferson the "Architect of Ruin and Inaugurator of
Anarchy"
-Says Declaration is full of self-evident lies
-Suggests all workers are better off enslaved
-He saw a plantation as a perfect and ideal world where planters/serfs have an
obligation
-Same views of the Declaration as John C. Calhoun
James Henry Hammond - ANSWER -1858
-"Cotton is king"
-"The slaves of the south are content, happy, unaspiring, and utterly incapable"
Abraham Lincoln - ANSWER -Born in 1809
-Humble beginnings, but by 1860 he was a wealthy corporate lawyer
-Used his log cabin background as a political tactic
,-Declared himself a follower of Henry Clay and his "American System"
-Celebrated the political and economic system that allowed him to rise in life
-"The Right to Rise" (on another term)
-Felt slavery needed to end since it was a "necessary evil"
-Hated slavery because it's a monstrous injustice
-Wins election of 1860 as a Republican
-Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Address were both dedicated to his hatred for
slavery
"The Right to Rise" - ANSWER -Abraham Lincoln
-Get rich or die trying
-Created by the Declaration and Constitution
-You were able to rise in life because of the political and economic system in place
Homestead Act - ANSWER -1862 (same year as Morrill Land Grant Act)
-Any U.S. citizen who had never borne arms could file an application and lay claim to
160 acres of government land
-Had to live on land for 5 years and improve it by building a 12x14 home and grow crops
-After 5 years, they submitted a file for a patent (or deed) to the land
-1.6 million Homesteads were granted (270 million acres)
Morrill Land Grant Act - ANSWER -1862 (same year as Homestead Act)
-A nation where everyone has/owns their own land
-Part of the reconstruction era from 1865-1877
"40 Acres and a Mule" - ANSWER -Promise made in the US for agrarian reform for
former enslaved African American farmers by Union General William Tecumseh
Sherman
-January 16, 1865
, Sharecropping - ANSWER -Planter divided up his land and gave each family a cabin and
plot to tend
-In return, the planter received 1/2 the crop and costs for plow, seed, mule, etc.
-Also known as the "crop-lien system)
Andrew Carnegie and "The Gospel of Wealth" - ANSWER -Worked his way up in society
from being a bobbin boy making $1.20 a week at age thirteen to one of the richest men
in the world
-By 18, he was a personal telegrapher and assistant to Thomas Scott, superintendent of
Penn Railroads western division
-Carnegie becomes the superintendent of the Penn Railroad Pitt Division (and avoided
civil war by purchasing a substitute for $850)
-Starts Keystone Bridge company knowing that steel was the future
-Believed that building mansions is not what people should do with their money, instead
it should be put toward philanthropy
-Gives away 90% of his fortune
Vertical and Horizontal Integration - ANSWER -Carnegie becomes an expert at both
-You basically own everything
-Carnegie owned everything associated with U.S. steel
Cutthroat Pricing - ANSWER -Lowering your prices so much that you drive others out of
business and buy them
-Used in "economies of scale"
-There was increased specialization
-You could obtain lower interest rates when borrowing from banks
-Model used in one industry after another
Knights of Labor - ANSWER -1870's and 1880's
