PHYSIOLOGY 1021 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
where is the autonomic nervous system(ANS) found? - (ANSWER)the peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
what are the two divisions of the ANS? - (ANSWER)sympathetic(SNS) and
parasympathetic(PSNS)
what is the main morphological characteristic of the ANS? - (ANSWER)a 2 neuron system
sympathetic nervous system(SNS) pathway vs. parasympathetic nervous system(PSNS)
pathway - (ANSWER)SNS:
- long, unmyelinated post-ganglionic neuron (slower signal)
- not specific (many target tissues)
-pre-ganglionic: Acetylcholine
-post-ganglionic: Norepinephrine
PSNS:
-post-ganglionic neuron is shorter (much faster signal)
-specificity in target
-pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic: Acetylcholine
Differences in the anatomical and neurochemical organization of the sympathetic nervous
system - (ANSWER)-pre-ganglionic connects to post-ganglionic neuron for all effectors,
except for the Adrenal gland.
-EXCEPTION: pre-ganglionic to Chromaffin Cell in Adrenal Gland
-pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic neuron releases Acetylcholine
-post-ganglionic neuron to effector organ releases Norepinephrine , except Adrenal gland
-EXCEPTION: norepinephrine acts at beta (heart and coronary blood vessels) or alpha
receptors (blood vessels)
,PHYSIOLOGY 1021 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
when is Acetylcholine released in the ANS? - (ANSWER)-all pre-ganglionic neurons
-post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons
-post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons to blood vessels in skeletal muscle
-pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons to adrenal medulla
a few examples of the general antagonistic effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic
innervation - (ANSWER)sympathetic "fight or flight":
-dilate pupils
-fast hr
-glucose released
parasympathetic "rest and digest":
-constrict pupils
-slow hr
-no glucose released
complementary effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation -
(ANSWER)salivary glands:
SNS- mucus (when exercising)
PSNS- watery (when eating)
2 cooperative effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation - (ANSWER)sexual
function:
SNS- ejaculation
PSNS- erection
bladder control:
SNS-retention
PSNS- release
,PHYSIOLOGY 1021 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
what 3 things is there no parasympathetic innervation of? - (ANSWER)-blood vessels
-adrenal medulla
-sweat glands
what is the basic unit needed to perform any movement? - (ANSWER)motor units
-a group of skeletal muscle fibres + the somatic motor neuron that controls them
how does the CNS know which muscle group it will move? - (ANSWER)we learn when we
are young
-we use the same muscle for a certain action
how does the CNS know the length of the muscle it will move? - (ANSWER)receptor:
muscle spindes
sensory neuron: 1a afferent neuron
how does the CNS know the tension of the muscle it will move? - (ANSWER)receptor: Golgi
tendon organ
sensory neuron: 1b afferent neuron
how does the brain know which muscles it will use to perform a movement? -
(ANSWER)cell bodies found in Ventral horn throughout spinal cord that innervate skeletal
muscles
how does the brain gain information about muscle length and muscle tension? -
(ANSWER)receives monosynaptic/polysynaptic input from CNS and PNS
, PHYSIOLOGY 1021 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
somatic (alpha) motor neuron vs. autonomic (PNS and PSNS) motor neuron -
(ANSWER)alpha motor neuron:
-only one neuron
-innervates with extrafusal muscle fibres
-found in Ventral horn
-is always excitatory
muscle spindle
(intrafusal muscle fibres) - (ANSWER)-sensory receptors- detect length of muscle
-sends info about muscle stretch to the CNS
-buried IN PARALLEL among extrafusal fibres of muscle
extrafusal muscle fibres - (ANSWER)normal contractile fibres
1a afferent neuron - (ANSWER)-tonically active
-sensory neurons sends information about muscle spindles to CNS
1b afferent neuron - (ANSWER)-sensory neuron sends information about muscle tension to
CNS
gamma motor neuron - (ANSWER)-from CNS
-controls contraction in muscle spindle
Golgi tendon organ - (ANSWER)-sensory nerve endings interwoven IN SERIES among
collagen fibres
where is the autonomic nervous system(ANS) found? - (ANSWER)the peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
what are the two divisions of the ANS? - (ANSWER)sympathetic(SNS) and
parasympathetic(PSNS)
what is the main morphological characteristic of the ANS? - (ANSWER)a 2 neuron system
sympathetic nervous system(SNS) pathway vs. parasympathetic nervous system(PSNS)
pathway - (ANSWER)SNS:
- long, unmyelinated post-ganglionic neuron (slower signal)
- not specific (many target tissues)
-pre-ganglionic: Acetylcholine
-post-ganglionic: Norepinephrine
PSNS:
-post-ganglionic neuron is shorter (much faster signal)
-specificity in target
-pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic: Acetylcholine
Differences in the anatomical and neurochemical organization of the sympathetic nervous
system - (ANSWER)-pre-ganglionic connects to post-ganglionic neuron for all effectors,
except for the Adrenal gland.
-EXCEPTION: pre-ganglionic to Chromaffin Cell in Adrenal Gland
-pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic neuron releases Acetylcholine
-post-ganglionic neuron to effector organ releases Norepinephrine , except Adrenal gland
-EXCEPTION: norepinephrine acts at beta (heart and coronary blood vessels) or alpha
receptors (blood vessels)
,PHYSIOLOGY 1021 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
when is Acetylcholine released in the ANS? - (ANSWER)-all pre-ganglionic neurons
-post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons
-post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons to blood vessels in skeletal muscle
-pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons to adrenal medulla
a few examples of the general antagonistic effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic
innervation - (ANSWER)sympathetic "fight or flight":
-dilate pupils
-fast hr
-glucose released
parasympathetic "rest and digest":
-constrict pupils
-slow hr
-no glucose released
complementary effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation -
(ANSWER)salivary glands:
SNS- mucus (when exercising)
PSNS- watery (when eating)
2 cooperative effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation - (ANSWER)sexual
function:
SNS- ejaculation
PSNS- erection
bladder control:
SNS-retention
PSNS- release
,PHYSIOLOGY 1021 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
what 3 things is there no parasympathetic innervation of? - (ANSWER)-blood vessels
-adrenal medulla
-sweat glands
what is the basic unit needed to perform any movement? - (ANSWER)motor units
-a group of skeletal muscle fibres + the somatic motor neuron that controls them
how does the CNS know which muscle group it will move? - (ANSWER)we learn when we
are young
-we use the same muscle for a certain action
how does the CNS know the length of the muscle it will move? - (ANSWER)receptor:
muscle spindes
sensory neuron: 1a afferent neuron
how does the CNS know the tension of the muscle it will move? - (ANSWER)receptor: Golgi
tendon organ
sensory neuron: 1b afferent neuron
how does the brain know which muscles it will use to perform a movement? -
(ANSWER)cell bodies found in Ventral horn throughout spinal cord that innervate skeletal
muscles
how does the brain gain information about muscle length and muscle tension? -
(ANSWER)receives monosynaptic/polysynaptic input from CNS and PNS
, PHYSIOLOGY 1021 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
somatic (alpha) motor neuron vs. autonomic (PNS and PSNS) motor neuron -
(ANSWER)alpha motor neuron:
-only one neuron
-innervates with extrafusal muscle fibres
-found in Ventral horn
-is always excitatory
muscle spindle
(intrafusal muscle fibres) - (ANSWER)-sensory receptors- detect length of muscle
-sends info about muscle stretch to the CNS
-buried IN PARALLEL among extrafusal fibres of muscle
extrafusal muscle fibres - (ANSWER)normal contractile fibres
1a afferent neuron - (ANSWER)-tonically active
-sensory neurons sends information about muscle spindles to CNS
1b afferent neuron - (ANSWER)-sensory neuron sends information about muscle tension to
CNS
gamma motor neuron - (ANSWER)-from CNS
-controls contraction in muscle spindle
Golgi tendon organ - (ANSWER)-sensory nerve endings interwoven IN SERIES among
collagen fibres
