PHYSIOLOGY 1021 MIDTERM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Pupil - (ANSWER)The opening through which light enters the eye
Iris - (ANSWER)a ring of muscle tissue that forms the coloured portion of the eye around
the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Cornea - (ANSWER)The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye
Sclera - (ANSWER)white of the eye
Conjunctiva - (ANSWER)inside of the eyelid
Extraocular muscles - (ANSWER)moves eye
Optic nerve - (ANSWER)the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Retina - (ANSWER)the back of the eye, where light is focused and photoreceptors are
found
Fovea - (ANSWER)responsible for detailed vision
retinal processing - (ANSWER)depolarization of bipolar cells -> releases neurotransmitters
initiating action potentials on ganglion cell
Cones - (ANSWER)-retinal receptor cells that are less sensitive to light, they respond to
different wave lengths
-mediate colour vision (red, blue, green)
,PHYSIOLOGY 1021 MIDTERM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Rods - (ANSWER)retinal receptors highly sensitive to light (responsible for vision at low
light levels)
Segments of retina - (ANSWER)Outer segment: where light transduction takes place
Inner segment: major organelles and ATP production
Synaptic terminal: Synapses with bipolar cells
Light transduction in the dark - (ANSWER)Sodium and calcium channels open (rods and
cones are depolarized)
Light transduction with light stimulus - (ANSWER)Sodium and calcium channels close
(rods and cones are hyperpolarized)
Specializations at the fovea - (ANSWER)1) Photoreceptors are exclusively cones (for colour
vision)
2) Cells overlying the fovea are pushed aside, allowing to strike the photoreceptors directly
(hence less scattering)
Many photoreceptors converging= - (ANSWER)=large receptive field
peripheral retina - (ANSWER)large receptive field
fovea - (ANSWER)multiple smaller receptive fields
Saccades - (ANSWER)Rapid jerky eye movements (quickly move line of sight)
Smooth pursuit - (ANSWER)Keeps moving image of a object fixed on fovea
, PHYSIOLOGY 1021 MIDTERM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Vestibulo - (ANSWER)ocular reflex: stabilizes the eye during a head movement
Vergence - (ANSWER)Used when the object of interest is approaching/moving further
away
Optokinetic reflex - (ANSWER)involuntary conjugate ocular movement of full visual field
images
retina to visual cortex - (ANSWER)-info from left visual field is sent to right cortex (vice
versa)
-ganglion cells that leave the back of the eye as the optic nerve, will synapse in the lateral
geniculate nucleus (LGN)
-after synapse, signals carry onto primary visual cortex (V1)
Outer ear - (ANSWER)pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane
Pinna (auricle) - (ANSWER)directs sound into the ear (visible part)
Ear canal - (ANSWER)Funnels and conducts sound from the outer ear to the middle ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) - (ANSWER)separates the outer ear from the middle ear
Middle ear - (ANSWER)small bones, eustachian tube
Eustachian tube - (ANSWER)connects the middle ear with the pharynx and helps
equilibrate the pressure
Pupil - (ANSWER)The opening through which light enters the eye
Iris - (ANSWER)a ring of muscle tissue that forms the coloured portion of the eye around
the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Cornea - (ANSWER)The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye
Sclera - (ANSWER)white of the eye
Conjunctiva - (ANSWER)inside of the eyelid
Extraocular muscles - (ANSWER)moves eye
Optic nerve - (ANSWER)the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Retina - (ANSWER)the back of the eye, where light is focused and photoreceptors are
found
Fovea - (ANSWER)responsible for detailed vision
retinal processing - (ANSWER)depolarization of bipolar cells -> releases neurotransmitters
initiating action potentials on ganglion cell
Cones - (ANSWER)-retinal receptor cells that are less sensitive to light, they respond to
different wave lengths
-mediate colour vision (red, blue, green)
,PHYSIOLOGY 1021 MIDTERM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Rods - (ANSWER)retinal receptors highly sensitive to light (responsible for vision at low
light levels)
Segments of retina - (ANSWER)Outer segment: where light transduction takes place
Inner segment: major organelles and ATP production
Synaptic terminal: Synapses with bipolar cells
Light transduction in the dark - (ANSWER)Sodium and calcium channels open (rods and
cones are depolarized)
Light transduction with light stimulus - (ANSWER)Sodium and calcium channels close
(rods and cones are hyperpolarized)
Specializations at the fovea - (ANSWER)1) Photoreceptors are exclusively cones (for colour
vision)
2) Cells overlying the fovea are pushed aside, allowing to strike the photoreceptors directly
(hence less scattering)
Many photoreceptors converging= - (ANSWER)=large receptive field
peripheral retina - (ANSWER)large receptive field
fovea - (ANSWER)multiple smaller receptive fields
Saccades - (ANSWER)Rapid jerky eye movements (quickly move line of sight)
Smooth pursuit - (ANSWER)Keeps moving image of a object fixed on fovea
, PHYSIOLOGY 1021 MIDTERM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Vestibulo - (ANSWER)ocular reflex: stabilizes the eye during a head movement
Vergence - (ANSWER)Used when the object of interest is approaching/moving further
away
Optokinetic reflex - (ANSWER)involuntary conjugate ocular movement of full visual field
images
retina to visual cortex - (ANSWER)-info from left visual field is sent to right cortex (vice
versa)
-ganglion cells that leave the back of the eye as the optic nerve, will synapse in the lateral
geniculate nucleus (LGN)
-after synapse, signals carry onto primary visual cortex (V1)
Outer ear - (ANSWER)pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane
Pinna (auricle) - (ANSWER)directs sound into the ear (visible part)
Ear canal - (ANSWER)Funnels and conducts sound from the outer ear to the middle ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) - (ANSWER)separates the outer ear from the middle ear
Middle ear - (ANSWER)small bones, eustachian tube
Eustachian tube - (ANSWER)connects the middle ear with the pharynx and helps
equilibrate the pressure
