PRAXIS 5622 PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING AND TEACHING (PLT: GRADES K-6) TEST
QUESTIONS WITH WELL DETAILED SOLUTIONS
Behaviorism
Teacher-Based Theory - focuses on observable and measurable aspects of students'
behavior. Proposes behavior can be learned or unlearned as the result of stimulus-and-
response actions. Views learning as process of stimuli/responses.
Example of a Teacher-Based Learning Theory
Behaviorism
Characteristics of Behaviorism (Learning Theory)
*Focuses on observable changes in behavior
*Views the teacher's role as providing information and supervising practice
*Describes learning as the result of stimulus-response actions
*Uses incentives and rewards for motivation
*Teacher-Centered
Applications of Behaviorism (Learning Theory)
*Basal readers
*Mini-lessons
*Repeated readings
,Examples of Student-Based Learning Theories
*Constructivism
*Sociolinguistics
*Cognitive/Information Processing
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Theorists focus on the ways people learn from observing one another.
Characteristics of Sociolinguistics Learning Theory
*Emphasizes the importance of language and social interaction on learning
*Views reading and writing as social and cultural activities
*Explains that students learn best through authentic activities
*Describes the teacher's role as scaffolding students' learning
*Advocates culturally responsive teaching
*Challenges students to confront injustices and inequities in society
*Student-Centered
Applications of Sociolinguistics Learning Theory
*Literature circles
*Shared reading
*Buddy reading
*Reading and writing workshop
*Author's chair
,Information Processing Learning Theory
Theorists focus more on what happens inside the learner's mind, considering the process
of learning, memory, and performance. Some theorists compare the mind to a computer
and use terms like storage, retrieval, working memory, and long-term memory.
Characteristics of Cognitive / Information Processing Learning Theory
*Compares the mind to a computer
*Recommends integrating reading and writing
*Views reading and writing as meaning-making processes
*Explains that readers' interpretations are individualized
*Describes students as strategic readers and writings
*Student-Centered
Applications of Cognitive / Information Processing Learning Theory
*Guided reading
*Graphic organizers
*Grand conversations
*Interactive writing
*Reciprocal questioning
Constructivism
, A student-based learning theory that suggests learning isn't observable. Rather, it involves
mental processes and occurs when students integrate new knowledge with their existing
knowledge. It describes students as active and engaged learners who construct their own
knowledge. It suggests that people construct or create knowledge (as opposed to absorb
knowledge) based on their experiences and interactions.
Characteristics of Constructivism Learning Theory
*Describes learning as the active construction of knowledge
*Recognizes the importance of background knowledge
*Views learners as innately curious
*Advocates collaboration, not competition
*Suggests ways to engage students so they can be successful
*Student-Centered
Applications of Constructivism Learning Theory
*Literature focus units
*K-W-L charts
*Reading logs
*Thematic units
*Word sorts
Sociocultural Learning Theory
Theorists posit that the combination of social, cultural, and historical contexts in which a
learner exists have great influence on the person's knowledge construction and the ways
teachers must organize instruction.
QUESTIONS WITH WELL DETAILED SOLUTIONS
Behaviorism
Teacher-Based Theory - focuses on observable and measurable aspects of students'
behavior. Proposes behavior can be learned or unlearned as the result of stimulus-and-
response actions. Views learning as process of stimuli/responses.
Example of a Teacher-Based Learning Theory
Behaviorism
Characteristics of Behaviorism (Learning Theory)
*Focuses on observable changes in behavior
*Views the teacher's role as providing information and supervising practice
*Describes learning as the result of stimulus-response actions
*Uses incentives and rewards for motivation
*Teacher-Centered
Applications of Behaviorism (Learning Theory)
*Basal readers
*Mini-lessons
*Repeated readings
,Examples of Student-Based Learning Theories
*Constructivism
*Sociolinguistics
*Cognitive/Information Processing
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Theorists focus on the ways people learn from observing one another.
Characteristics of Sociolinguistics Learning Theory
*Emphasizes the importance of language and social interaction on learning
*Views reading and writing as social and cultural activities
*Explains that students learn best through authentic activities
*Describes the teacher's role as scaffolding students' learning
*Advocates culturally responsive teaching
*Challenges students to confront injustices and inequities in society
*Student-Centered
Applications of Sociolinguistics Learning Theory
*Literature circles
*Shared reading
*Buddy reading
*Reading and writing workshop
*Author's chair
,Information Processing Learning Theory
Theorists focus more on what happens inside the learner's mind, considering the process
of learning, memory, and performance. Some theorists compare the mind to a computer
and use terms like storage, retrieval, working memory, and long-term memory.
Characteristics of Cognitive / Information Processing Learning Theory
*Compares the mind to a computer
*Recommends integrating reading and writing
*Views reading and writing as meaning-making processes
*Explains that readers' interpretations are individualized
*Describes students as strategic readers and writings
*Student-Centered
Applications of Cognitive / Information Processing Learning Theory
*Guided reading
*Graphic organizers
*Grand conversations
*Interactive writing
*Reciprocal questioning
Constructivism
, A student-based learning theory that suggests learning isn't observable. Rather, it involves
mental processes and occurs when students integrate new knowledge with their existing
knowledge. It describes students as active and engaged learners who construct their own
knowledge. It suggests that people construct or create knowledge (as opposed to absorb
knowledge) based on their experiences and interactions.
Characteristics of Constructivism Learning Theory
*Describes learning as the active construction of knowledge
*Recognizes the importance of background knowledge
*Views learners as innately curious
*Advocates collaboration, not competition
*Suggests ways to engage students so they can be successful
*Student-Centered
Applications of Constructivism Learning Theory
*Literature focus units
*K-W-L charts
*Reading logs
*Thematic units
*Word sorts
Sociocultural Learning Theory
Theorists posit that the combination of social, cultural, and historical contexts in which a
learner exists have great influence on the person's knowledge construction and the ways
teachers must organize instruction.
