Lecture 1
1. Microorganisms: organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Needs microscope to see.
2. 6 different types of microbes: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses. Extra: prions.
3. Characteristics of life: order, evolutionary adaptation, response to environment, regulation,
energy processing, growth and development, reproduction.
4. Something does not have to have all the characteristics of life to live. Ex: donkeys.
5. Order is important because without it, the being is biologically unstable. Cells would not work
together.
6. Order: spatial organization down to the structure of molecules.
7. Cell: smallest most basic unit of life.
8. Life maintains internal order by taking in the free energy from their surroundings. Then, the
surroundings are given energy as heat or entropy.
9. Life needs to adapt because the environment is always changing.
10. Evolutionary adaptation: modified descendants of common ancestors.
11. Ex of living things responding to the environment: moving to a colder place when temp is
high and reeling back when surprised.
12. Ex of living things regulating internal environment (homeostasis): shivering to keep warm
and release of red blood cells in mammals in a low O2 state.
13. Living things need energy because cells cannot survive on their own and cells need to
perform work.
14. Microbes can make us sick, absorb organic chemicals for energy, affect our environment,
make cheese and beer, make O2 by photosynthesis, decomposes organic waste, make ethanol and
vitamins, treat diseases, and make manufactured goods.
15. Correct scientific name of microorganism: whole word italicized, genus capitalized, and
epithet is lowercase. Genus first.
,16. E. coli lives in intestines and on feces.
17. Escherichia coli (E. coli).
18. Bacteria: peptidoglycan in cell walls, divides by binary fission, derive nutrients from organic,
inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis.
Most common shape: rod and sphere. Most monomorphic and few pleomorphic. Some stick
together at ends.
- Archaea: no peptidoglycan cell walls. Lives in extreme environments.
- Fungi: chitin cell wall. Absorbs organic chemicals for energy.
- Protozoa: absorbs or ingest organic chemicals. Motile by pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. Free
living or parasitic.
- Algae: cellulose cell wall. Found in fresh water, salt water, and soil. Uses photosynthesis.
- Virus: acellular (no cell), consists of genomic info (RNA or DNA), protein coat, and sometimes
an envelope. Needs living cells to replicate.
- Prion: infectious agent made of protein. No RNA or DNA, causes “mad cow” disease, consists
of prion protein (PrP) that has an infectious form.
19. Single celled: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae.
Prokaryotes: bacteria, archaea.
20. 3 typical shapes of bacteria: rod (bacillus), sphere (coccus), and spiral (uncommon).
21. Bacteria has peptidoglycan in cell walls and dies in extreme environments. The opposite is
for archaea.
22. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek made the first magnifying lenses and provided the first description
of microbes.
23. Hooke was looking at cork bark when he described cells.
24. Cells came from the bare monastic cells that monks lived in.
,25. The scientific method is the systematic observation, measurement, experiment, formulation,
testing, and modification of a hypothesis.
26. Observation
(observing something to get info)
Hypothesis
(proposed explanation from limited evidence) Refine, alter, or develop
a new hypothesis
Experiment
(testing hypothesis)
Results confirmed Results refuted
27. Ex of scientific method:
Observation: flashlight not working
Hypothesis: dead batteries
Experiment: change batteries
Result confirmed: flashlight works or results refuted: flashlight does not work
Change hypothesis: dead bulb, cut wire(s), loose connection
, 28. Biogenesis: living cells arise only from preexisting living cells.
Spontaneous generation: life arises from nonliving matter (vital force).
29. Francesco Redi conducted the maggots experiment. This proved the biogenesis theory
because the opened jar let flies in to lay pupas that later turned into maggots and the closed or
meshed jar prevented flies from laying pupas on the meat. The meshed jar had maggots on it.
30. Observation: maggots are on raw meat
Hypothesis: maggots are born from raw meat
Experiment: put raw meat in 3 jars. 1 opened, 1 closed, 1 meshed.
Results confirmed: maggots crawling out of raw meat in all 3 jars or
Results refuted: maggots crawling out of 1 jar (opened)
Change hypothesis: flies land on raw meat to lay pupas
31. Needham’s experiments supported spontaneous generation because even though the broth
was boiled and sealed, microorganisms appeared later.
32. Ignaz Semmelweis found that hand washing means less women died after childbirth. No one
believed him because back then, if something looked clean, then it was. Doctors were offended
and Semmelweis was ridiculed and forced out of the hospital. Semmelweis was eventually
admitted to an asylum from the “stress” and died after being beaten by guards.
33. Spontaneous generation is supported by living things coming from nonliving things and
microorganisms appearing in sealed, sterilized containers.
1. Microorganisms: organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Needs microscope to see.
2. 6 different types of microbes: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses. Extra: prions.
3. Characteristics of life: order, evolutionary adaptation, response to environment, regulation,
energy processing, growth and development, reproduction.
4. Something does not have to have all the characteristics of life to live. Ex: donkeys.
5. Order is important because without it, the being is biologically unstable. Cells would not work
together.
6. Order: spatial organization down to the structure of molecules.
7. Cell: smallest most basic unit of life.
8. Life maintains internal order by taking in the free energy from their surroundings. Then, the
surroundings are given energy as heat or entropy.
9. Life needs to adapt because the environment is always changing.
10. Evolutionary adaptation: modified descendants of common ancestors.
11. Ex of living things responding to the environment: moving to a colder place when temp is
high and reeling back when surprised.
12. Ex of living things regulating internal environment (homeostasis): shivering to keep warm
and release of red blood cells in mammals in a low O2 state.
13. Living things need energy because cells cannot survive on their own and cells need to
perform work.
14. Microbes can make us sick, absorb organic chemicals for energy, affect our environment,
make cheese and beer, make O2 by photosynthesis, decomposes organic waste, make ethanol and
vitamins, treat diseases, and make manufactured goods.
15. Correct scientific name of microorganism: whole word italicized, genus capitalized, and
epithet is lowercase. Genus first.
,16. E. coli lives in intestines and on feces.
17. Escherichia coli (E. coli).
18. Bacteria: peptidoglycan in cell walls, divides by binary fission, derive nutrients from organic,
inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis.
Most common shape: rod and sphere. Most monomorphic and few pleomorphic. Some stick
together at ends.
- Archaea: no peptidoglycan cell walls. Lives in extreme environments.
- Fungi: chitin cell wall. Absorbs organic chemicals for energy.
- Protozoa: absorbs or ingest organic chemicals. Motile by pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. Free
living or parasitic.
- Algae: cellulose cell wall. Found in fresh water, salt water, and soil. Uses photosynthesis.
- Virus: acellular (no cell), consists of genomic info (RNA or DNA), protein coat, and sometimes
an envelope. Needs living cells to replicate.
- Prion: infectious agent made of protein. No RNA or DNA, causes “mad cow” disease, consists
of prion protein (PrP) that has an infectious form.
19. Single celled: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae.
Prokaryotes: bacteria, archaea.
20. 3 typical shapes of bacteria: rod (bacillus), sphere (coccus), and spiral (uncommon).
21. Bacteria has peptidoglycan in cell walls and dies in extreme environments. The opposite is
for archaea.
22. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek made the first magnifying lenses and provided the first description
of microbes.
23. Hooke was looking at cork bark when he described cells.
24. Cells came from the bare monastic cells that monks lived in.
,25. The scientific method is the systematic observation, measurement, experiment, formulation,
testing, and modification of a hypothesis.
26. Observation
(observing something to get info)
Hypothesis
(proposed explanation from limited evidence) Refine, alter, or develop
a new hypothesis
Experiment
(testing hypothesis)
Results confirmed Results refuted
27. Ex of scientific method:
Observation: flashlight not working
Hypothesis: dead batteries
Experiment: change batteries
Result confirmed: flashlight works or results refuted: flashlight does not work
Change hypothesis: dead bulb, cut wire(s), loose connection
, 28. Biogenesis: living cells arise only from preexisting living cells.
Spontaneous generation: life arises from nonliving matter (vital force).
29. Francesco Redi conducted the maggots experiment. This proved the biogenesis theory
because the opened jar let flies in to lay pupas that later turned into maggots and the closed or
meshed jar prevented flies from laying pupas on the meat. The meshed jar had maggots on it.
30. Observation: maggots are on raw meat
Hypothesis: maggots are born from raw meat
Experiment: put raw meat in 3 jars. 1 opened, 1 closed, 1 meshed.
Results confirmed: maggots crawling out of raw meat in all 3 jars or
Results refuted: maggots crawling out of 1 jar (opened)
Change hypothesis: flies land on raw meat to lay pupas
31. Needham’s experiments supported spontaneous generation because even though the broth
was boiled and sealed, microorganisms appeared later.
32. Ignaz Semmelweis found that hand washing means less women died after childbirth. No one
believed him because back then, if something looked clean, then it was. Doctors were offended
and Semmelweis was ridiculed and forced out of the hospital. Semmelweis was eventually
admitted to an asylum from the “stress” and died after being beaten by guards.
33. Spontaneous generation is supported by living things coming from nonliving things and
microorganisms appearing in sealed, sterilized containers.
