Rio Salado Bio 201 ACTUAL Exam QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS|LATEST 2025|100% PASS GUARANTEED
The heart is a very important muscle in our body that keeps blood flowing to our tissues to
keep them nourished with oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide waste to the lungs for
gas exchange. The heart uses electrical impulses from specialized nodes to trigger the
cardiac muscles to contract, which in turn leads to the continuous pumping function of the
heart.
The specialized nodes of the heart are the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV)
node. The SA node is located in the right atrium and is inferior to the superior vena cava
entrance. The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart and sets the rate of depolarization that
begins the
electrical signal that tells the heart to contract. The AV node is located in the lower atrial
septum at the junction of the atria and ventricles. The AV node's function is to delay the
contraction of the ventricles until the atrial contraction is complete for 0.1s.
The -CORRECT ANSWER-On Exam 1 you will be presented with an essay question. The essay
topic is cardiac impulse generation.
You will be asked to compose an essay about the cardiac impulse generation and
conduction.
a. A discussion cardiac conduction should begin with description of the specialized nodes
(autorhythmic character) of the heart and their locations.
b. The sequence should be discussed as well as coordinating location in the heart.
c. The actual innervation of the cardiac muscle and appropriate structures should be
considered.
,d. Correlation between the stages of impulse should be related to the flow of blood,
contraction of the chambers and open and closing of the valves.
second great control system of the body that interacts with the nervous system to
coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells -CORRECT ANSWER-Endocrine system
o Influences metabolic activity by means of hormones (chemical messengers secreted by
cells into the extracellular fluid)
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
• Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
• Mobilization of body defenses -CORRECT ANSWER-What does the Endocrine system
influence?
the scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organ -CORRECT ANSWER-Endocrinology
neural functioning plus releases hormones (hypothalamus) -CORRECT ANSWER-
Neuroendocrine organ
chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them, short-distance signals
(smooth muscle cells to contract smooth muscle cells) -CORRECT ANSWER-Autocrines
act within the same tissue, but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine
chemicals (somatostatin released by one group of pancreatic cells inhibits the release of
insulin by a different group of pancreatic cells) -CORRECT ANSWER-Paracrines
long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body -CORRECT
ANSWER-Hormones
,produce non-hormonal substances (sweat and saliva) and have ducts that carry these
substances to a membrane surface -CORRECT ANSWER-Exocrine glands
ductless glands, produce hormones, release hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid, and
have a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage that receives their hormones, most cells in these
glands are arranged in cords and branching networks (maximizes contact between cells and
surrounding capillaries) -CORRECT ANSWER-Endocrine glands
a. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands
b. Pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), placenta contain endocrine tissue -CORRECT
ANSWER-What are examples of endocrine organs?
a. Amino-acid based: hormones are water soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane
(epinephrine, thyroxine, peptides, protein)
b. Steroids: hormones synthesized from cholesterol, lipid soluble and can cross the plasma
membrane (only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids) -CORRECT ANSWER-
How are hormones classified chemically?
tissue cells that have receptors for hormonal activity influences, hormone communicates
with target cell through water-soluble hormones (amino-acid based hormones, no thyroid,
use g proteins) or lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) act on receptors
inside the cells which directly activates genes, hormone typically produce one or more of
these changes:
i. Alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both, by opening or
closing ion channels
ii. Stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell
iii. Activates or deactivates enzymes
iv. Induces secretory activity
v. Stimulates mitosis -CORRECT ANSWER-Target cells
1. cAMP (second messenger)
ii. Hormone binds receptor (hormone acts as first messenger)
, iii. Receptor activates G protein (G protein activated by GDP: off, GTP: on)
iv. G protein activates adenylate cyclase (enzyme)
v. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
vi. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases (enzymes that add a phosphate group to proteins,
can activate or inhibit certain proteins) -CORRECT ANSWER-The Cyclic AMP signaling
Mechanism
1. Intracellular calcium ions (second messenger)
ii. Phospholipase C (enzyme) splits a plasma membrane phospholipid, PIP2, into 2 second
messengers (DAG: activates protein kinase enzyme and triggers responses within target cell)
(IP3: releases Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites, acts as secondary messenger and binds
to protein calmodulin which activates enzymes that amplify the cellular response) -CORRECT
ANSWER-PIP2-Calcium Signaling Mechanism
Target cells
First Mechanism: Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism
Second Mechanism: PIP2- Calcium Signaling Mechanism -CORRECT ANSWER-Describe the
two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effect on their target tissues
a. Negative feedback mechanism: reaction that causes a decrease in function (some internal
or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion)
b. Humoral stimuli: simplest endocrine control, secrete hormones in direct response to
changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients (insulin, Ca2+ levels, aldosterone)
c. Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (stress: norepinephrine or
epinephrine)
d. Hormonal stimuli: release hormones in response to hormones produced by other
endocrine organs (releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus
regulate the secretion of most anterior pituitary hormones) -CORRECT ANSWER-Explain how
hormone release is regulated
a. Blood levels of the hormone
b. Relative numbers of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells
ANSWERS|LATEST 2025|100% PASS GUARANTEED
The heart is a very important muscle in our body that keeps blood flowing to our tissues to
keep them nourished with oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide waste to the lungs for
gas exchange. The heart uses electrical impulses from specialized nodes to trigger the
cardiac muscles to contract, which in turn leads to the continuous pumping function of the
heart.
The specialized nodes of the heart are the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV)
node. The SA node is located in the right atrium and is inferior to the superior vena cava
entrance. The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart and sets the rate of depolarization that
begins the
electrical signal that tells the heart to contract. The AV node is located in the lower atrial
septum at the junction of the atria and ventricles. The AV node's function is to delay the
contraction of the ventricles until the atrial contraction is complete for 0.1s.
The -CORRECT ANSWER-On Exam 1 you will be presented with an essay question. The essay
topic is cardiac impulse generation.
You will be asked to compose an essay about the cardiac impulse generation and
conduction.
a. A discussion cardiac conduction should begin with description of the specialized nodes
(autorhythmic character) of the heart and their locations.
b. The sequence should be discussed as well as coordinating location in the heart.
c. The actual innervation of the cardiac muscle and appropriate structures should be
considered.
,d. Correlation between the stages of impulse should be related to the flow of blood,
contraction of the chambers and open and closing of the valves.
second great control system of the body that interacts with the nervous system to
coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells -CORRECT ANSWER-Endocrine system
o Influences metabolic activity by means of hormones (chemical messengers secreted by
cells into the extracellular fluid)
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
• Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
• Mobilization of body defenses -CORRECT ANSWER-What does the Endocrine system
influence?
the scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organ -CORRECT ANSWER-Endocrinology
neural functioning plus releases hormones (hypothalamus) -CORRECT ANSWER-
Neuroendocrine organ
chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them, short-distance signals
(smooth muscle cells to contract smooth muscle cells) -CORRECT ANSWER-Autocrines
act within the same tissue, but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine
chemicals (somatostatin released by one group of pancreatic cells inhibits the release of
insulin by a different group of pancreatic cells) -CORRECT ANSWER-Paracrines
long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body -CORRECT
ANSWER-Hormones
,produce non-hormonal substances (sweat and saliva) and have ducts that carry these
substances to a membrane surface -CORRECT ANSWER-Exocrine glands
ductless glands, produce hormones, release hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid, and
have a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage that receives their hormones, most cells in these
glands are arranged in cords and branching networks (maximizes contact between cells and
surrounding capillaries) -CORRECT ANSWER-Endocrine glands
a. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands
b. Pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), placenta contain endocrine tissue -CORRECT
ANSWER-What are examples of endocrine organs?
a. Amino-acid based: hormones are water soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane
(epinephrine, thyroxine, peptides, protein)
b. Steroids: hormones synthesized from cholesterol, lipid soluble and can cross the plasma
membrane (only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids) -CORRECT ANSWER-
How are hormones classified chemically?
tissue cells that have receptors for hormonal activity influences, hormone communicates
with target cell through water-soluble hormones (amino-acid based hormones, no thyroid,
use g proteins) or lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) act on receptors
inside the cells which directly activates genes, hormone typically produce one or more of
these changes:
i. Alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both, by opening or
closing ion channels
ii. Stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell
iii. Activates or deactivates enzymes
iv. Induces secretory activity
v. Stimulates mitosis -CORRECT ANSWER-Target cells
1. cAMP (second messenger)
ii. Hormone binds receptor (hormone acts as first messenger)
, iii. Receptor activates G protein (G protein activated by GDP: off, GTP: on)
iv. G protein activates adenylate cyclase (enzyme)
v. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
vi. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases (enzymes that add a phosphate group to proteins,
can activate or inhibit certain proteins) -CORRECT ANSWER-The Cyclic AMP signaling
Mechanism
1. Intracellular calcium ions (second messenger)
ii. Phospholipase C (enzyme) splits a plasma membrane phospholipid, PIP2, into 2 second
messengers (DAG: activates protein kinase enzyme and triggers responses within target cell)
(IP3: releases Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites, acts as secondary messenger and binds
to protein calmodulin which activates enzymes that amplify the cellular response) -CORRECT
ANSWER-PIP2-Calcium Signaling Mechanism
Target cells
First Mechanism: Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism
Second Mechanism: PIP2- Calcium Signaling Mechanism -CORRECT ANSWER-Describe the
two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effect on their target tissues
a. Negative feedback mechanism: reaction that causes a decrease in function (some internal
or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion)
b. Humoral stimuli: simplest endocrine control, secrete hormones in direct response to
changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients (insulin, Ca2+ levels, aldosterone)
c. Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (stress: norepinephrine or
epinephrine)
d. Hormonal stimuli: release hormones in response to hormones produced by other
endocrine organs (releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus
regulate the secretion of most anterior pituitary hormones) -CORRECT ANSWER-Explain how
hormone release is regulated
a. Blood levels of the hormone
b. Relative numbers of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells
