SNHD EMT-Basic Level Protocol Study Guide 2025
1. ER Waiting Room Criteria
1. Blood Pressure:
o Systolic: 100–180 mmHg
o Diastolic: 60–100 mmHg
2. Heart Rate: 60–100 bpm
3. Respiratory Rate: 10–20 per min
4. Pulse Oximetry: >94%
5. Alertness Orientation: x4 (person, place, time, situation)
2. Approved Stroke Centers
Centennial Hills Hospital
Desert Springs Hospital
Mountain View Hospital
Southern Hills Hospital
Spring Valley Hospital
St. Rose Martin
St. Rose Siena
Summerlin Hospital
Valley Hospital
Sunrise Hospital
UMC
Important Note: Document last known normal time & witness information.
3. Orthopedic / Spinal Considerations
, Orthopedic devices during interfacility transfer: Can remain in
place (False that they cannot)
Cervical stabilization indications:
o Midline cervical tenderness
o Focal neurologic deficit
o Altered mental status (AMS)
o Drug/alcohol intoxication
o Painful or distracting injury
Contraindications for cervical stabilization:
o Penetrating trauma to head/neck w/ no spinal injury
o Collar compromises airway/ventilation/hemorrhage control
o Cardiac arrest
Backboards:
o Use for extrication/patient movement
o Patients should be moved off backboards onto stretcher unless
delay in life-threatening transport occurs
Traction splint contraindications:
o Pelvic fracture or instability
o Knee, lower leg, or ankle instability
Tourniquet placement: Proximal to injury
4. Shock Types and Causes
1. Hypovolemic: Hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding, ruptured aortic
aneurysm, pregnancy-related bleeding
2. Cardiogenic: Heart failure, MI, cardiomyopathy, myocardial contusion,
toxins
3. Distributive: Sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic, toxins
4. Obstructive: Pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism
,5. Heat-Related Illnesses
Heat cramps: Muscle cramps due to dehydration; normal or elevated
body temp
Heat exhaustion: Elevated body temp, cool/moist skin, weakness,
tachypnea, anxiety
Heat stroke: Body temp >104°F, hot/dry skin, hypotension,
AMS/coma
Treatment:
Heat cramps: PO fluids, monitor, reassess
Heat exhaustion: Cool patient, hydrate, monitor
Heat stroke: Rapid cooling, manage airway, transport
6. Hypothermia Classification
Mild: 90–95°F
Moderate: 82–90°F
Severe: <82°F
Treatment: Active warming (hot packs in armpits/groin, not directly on
skin), monitor vitals
7. Allergic Reactions
Mild: Skin rashes, hives, itchy sensations; no respiratory involvement
Moderate: Skin reaction + some respiratory involvement; patient
maintains tidal volume
Severe: Respiratory difficulty, hypotension, may require Epi
8. Cardiac Arrest & AED
Pulse checks: Every 2 minutes
, Defibrillation:
o Witnessed: Immediately
o Unwitnessed: After 2 minutes of CPR
Adult CPR rate: 100–120 compressions per minute
Pediatric CPR: <60 bpm → start CPR
9. Burns (Rule of 9s & Parkland Formula)
Adult Rule of 9s:
Head: 9%
Each Arm: 9%
Each Leg: 18%
Anterior Trunk: 18%
Posterior Trunk: 18%
Groin: 1%
Pediatric Rule of 9s:
Head: 18%
Each Arm: 9%
Each Leg: 14%
Anterior Trunk: 18%
Posterior Trunk: 18%
Groin: 1%
Fluid Replacement (Parkland Formula):
4 mL × weight (kg) × %BSA burned
½ over first 8 hrs, rest over next 16 hrs
Burn Center Criteria:
2nd degree >10% BSA
3rd degree burns
1. ER Waiting Room Criteria
1. Blood Pressure:
o Systolic: 100–180 mmHg
o Diastolic: 60–100 mmHg
2. Heart Rate: 60–100 bpm
3. Respiratory Rate: 10–20 per min
4. Pulse Oximetry: >94%
5. Alertness Orientation: x4 (person, place, time, situation)
2. Approved Stroke Centers
Centennial Hills Hospital
Desert Springs Hospital
Mountain View Hospital
Southern Hills Hospital
Spring Valley Hospital
St. Rose Martin
St. Rose Siena
Summerlin Hospital
Valley Hospital
Sunrise Hospital
UMC
Important Note: Document last known normal time & witness information.
3. Orthopedic / Spinal Considerations
, Orthopedic devices during interfacility transfer: Can remain in
place (False that they cannot)
Cervical stabilization indications:
o Midline cervical tenderness
o Focal neurologic deficit
o Altered mental status (AMS)
o Drug/alcohol intoxication
o Painful or distracting injury
Contraindications for cervical stabilization:
o Penetrating trauma to head/neck w/ no spinal injury
o Collar compromises airway/ventilation/hemorrhage control
o Cardiac arrest
Backboards:
o Use for extrication/patient movement
o Patients should be moved off backboards onto stretcher unless
delay in life-threatening transport occurs
Traction splint contraindications:
o Pelvic fracture or instability
o Knee, lower leg, or ankle instability
Tourniquet placement: Proximal to injury
4. Shock Types and Causes
1. Hypovolemic: Hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding, ruptured aortic
aneurysm, pregnancy-related bleeding
2. Cardiogenic: Heart failure, MI, cardiomyopathy, myocardial contusion,
toxins
3. Distributive: Sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic, toxins
4. Obstructive: Pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism
,5. Heat-Related Illnesses
Heat cramps: Muscle cramps due to dehydration; normal or elevated
body temp
Heat exhaustion: Elevated body temp, cool/moist skin, weakness,
tachypnea, anxiety
Heat stroke: Body temp >104°F, hot/dry skin, hypotension,
AMS/coma
Treatment:
Heat cramps: PO fluids, monitor, reassess
Heat exhaustion: Cool patient, hydrate, monitor
Heat stroke: Rapid cooling, manage airway, transport
6. Hypothermia Classification
Mild: 90–95°F
Moderate: 82–90°F
Severe: <82°F
Treatment: Active warming (hot packs in armpits/groin, not directly on
skin), monitor vitals
7. Allergic Reactions
Mild: Skin rashes, hives, itchy sensations; no respiratory involvement
Moderate: Skin reaction + some respiratory involvement; patient
maintains tidal volume
Severe: Respiratory difficulty, hypotension, may require Epi
8. Cardiac Arrest & AED
Pulse checks: Every 2 minutes
, Defibrillation:
o Witnessed: Immediately
o Unwitnessed: After 2 minutes of CPR
Adult CPR rate: 100–120 compressions per minute
Pediatric CPR: <60 bpm → start CPR
9. Burns (Rule of 9s & Parkland Formula)
Adult Rule of 9s:
Head: 9%
Each Arm: 9%
Each Leg: 18%
Anterior Trunk: 18%
Posterior Trunk: 18%
Groin: 1%
Pediatric Rule of 9s:
Head: 18%
Each Arm: 9%
Each Leg: 14%
Anterior Trunk: 18%
Posterior Trunk: 18%
Groin: 1%
Fluid Replacement (Parkland Formula):
4 mL × weight (kg) × %BSA burned
½ over first 8 hrs, rest over next 16 hrs
Burn Center Criteria:
2nd degree >10% BSA
3rd degree burns
