NURS 3335 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
2 STUDY GUIDE 100% VERIFIED.
Diffusion - ANS Movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable
barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis - ANS The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Hypernatremia - ANS High concentration of serum sodium.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) - ANS Promotes the excretion of sodium and water by the
kidneys, reducing blood volume and pressure.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) - ANS Excessive ADH
leads to water retention, diluting blood sodium levels (hyponatremia) and resulting in
concentrated urine.
Neurological Manifestations of Hypernatremia - ANS Symptoms such as restlessness,
confusion, and irritability due to the effect of sodium on brain cell function.
Dilutional Hyponatremia - ANS Occurs due to fluid overload, leading to increased blood
volume, hypertension, and edema.
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,Severe Hyponatremia Symptoms - ANS Can lead to cerebral edema, causing seizures and
decreased consciousness, requiring urgent medical intervention.
Early Signs of Dehydration - ANS Thirst and dry mucous membranes.
Laboratory Findings in SIADH - ANS Hyponatremia and concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Findings in Dilutional Hyponatremia - ANS Hypertension and edema.
Intravenous Fluids for Dehydration - ANS Osmosis is primarily responsible for the movement
of water into the intracellular fluid compartment.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia - ANS Restlessness and confusion.
Immediate Nursing Intervention for Severe Hyponatremia - ANS Seizures and decreased level
of consciousness.
Mechanism of ANP - ANS Decreases blood volume by increasing sodium and water excretion.
Effects of High Serum Sodium Levels - ANS Can cause neurological symptoms such as
restlessness and confusion.
Fluid Retention in SIADH - ANS Leads to hyponatremia and concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Effects of Heart Failure - ANS Dilutional hyponatremia often leads to
increased blood volume, hypertension, and edema.
Symptoms of Severe Hyponatremia - ANS Nausea and abdominal cramps, muscle weakness
and fatigue, headache and confusion, seizures and decreased level of consciousness.
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,Dehydration Monitoring - ANS Monitor for early signs such as thirst and dry mucous
membranes.
Hypernatremia - ANS Early signs of hypernatremia due to dehydration include intense thirst
and dry mucous membranes as the body attempts to correct the sodium imbalance by
increasing fluid intake.
Hyponatremia Symptoms - ANS Symptoms of hyponatremia typically include nausea,
vomiting, headache, and muscle spasms, but not hyperreflexia.
High Phosphate Levels Effect - ANS High phosphate levels can cause a decrease in calcium
because phosphate binds to calcium, forming insoluble complexes.
Intracellular Fluid - ANS The intracellular fluid compartment contains about two-thirds of the
total body water, making it the largest fluid compartment in the body.
Osmolarity in Dehydration - ANS Increased osmolality. Severe dehydration leads to higher
osmolality, indicating a higher concentration of solutes in the blood due to reduced water
levels.
Decreased Urine Output in Dehydration - ANS In severe dehydration with elevated
osmolality, the body conserves water, leading to decreased urine output.
Osmolarity Changes - ANS Osmolarity INCREASES with dehydration and DECREASES with fluid
overload.
Thirst Mechanism Trigger - ANS Increased blood osmolarity, or higher concentration of
solutes in the blood, triggers the thirst mechanism to encourage water intake and restore
balance.
Hypomagnesemia Manifestations - ANS Hypomagnesemia manifestations include Trousseau
or Chvostek sign or spontaneous carpopedal spasm, tremor and muscle fasciculations, tetany,
anorexia, weakness, and nausea and vomiting.
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, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANS Water balance in the body is regulated by antidiuretic
hormone (ADH).
ADH Secretion After Blood Loss - ANS Significant blood loss triggers the secretion of ADH,
which helps the body retain water to maintain blood volume and pressure.
ADH Effect in Dehydration - ANS The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will result in
decreased urine output and increased urine concentration.
Normal Range of Serum Osmolarity - ANS 280-294 mOsm.
Inverse Relationship of Phosphorus - ANS High phosphate levels can cause a decrease in
calcium.
Fluid Compartments - ANS The intracellular fluid compartment contains the largest
percentage of total body water.
Dehydration Lab Results - ANS A patient with severe dehydration might show increased
osmolality.
Increased Osmolarity Effect - ANS Increased blood osmolarity triggers the thirst mechanism.
Fluid Regulation Hormone - ANS Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water balance in the
body.
Hyperactive Reflexes - ANS Hyperactive reflexes or hyperreflexia can be a manifestation of
hypomagnesemia.
Severe Dehydration Response - ANS In severe dehydration, the body conserves water,
leading to decreased urine output.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
2 STUDY GUIDE 100% VERIFIED.
Diffusion - ANS Movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable
barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis - ANS The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Hypernatremia - ANS High concentration of serum sodium.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) - ANS Promotes the excretion of sodium and water by the
kidneys, reducing blood volume and pressure.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) - ANS Excessive ADH
leads to water retention, diluting blood sodium levels (hyponatremia) and resulting in
concentrated urine.
Neurological Manifestations of Hypernatremia - ANS Symptoms such as restlessness,
confusion, and irritability due to the effect of sodium on brain cell function.
Dilutional Hyponatremia - ANS Occurs due to fluid overload, leading to increased blood
volume, hypertension, and edema.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Severe Hyponatremia Symptoms - ANS Can lead to cerebral edema, causing seizures and
decreased consciousness, requiring urgent medical intervention.
Early Signs of Dehydration - ANS Thirst and dry mucous membranes.
Laboratory Findings in SIADH - ANS Hyponatremia and concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Findings in Dilutional Hyponatremia - ANS Hypertension and edema.
Intravenous Fluids for Dehydration - ANS Osmosis is primarily responsible for the movement
of water into the intracellular fluid compartment.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia - ANS Restlessness and confusion.
Immediate Nursing Intervention for Severe Hyponatremia - ANS Seizures and decreased level
of consciousness.
Mechanism of ANP - ANS Decreases blood volume by increasing sodium and water excretion.
Effects of High Serum Sodium Levels - ANS Can cause neurological symptoms such as
restlessness and confusion.
Fluid Retention in SIADH - ANS Leads to hyponatremia and concentrated urine.
Cardiovascular Effects of Heart Failure - ANS Dilutional hyponatremia often leads to
increased blood volume, hypertension, and edema.
Symptoms of Severe Hyponatremia - ANS Nausea and abdominal cramps, muscle weakness
and fatigue, headache and confusion, seizures and decreased level of consciousness.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Dehydration Monitoring - ANS Monitor for early signs such as thirst and dry mucous
membranes.
Hypernatremia - ANS Early signs of hypernatremia due to dehydration include intense thirst
and dry mucous membranes as the body attempts to correct the sodium imbalance by
increasing fluid intake.
Hyponatremia Symptoms - ANS Symptoms of hyponatremia typically include nausea,
vomiting, headache, and muscle spasms, but not hyperreflexia.
High Phosphate Levels Effect - ANS High phosphate levels can cause a decrease in calcium
because phosphate binds to calcium, forming insoluble complexes.
Intracellular Fluid - ANS The intracellular fluid compartment contains about two-thirds of the
total body water, making it the largest fluid compartment in the body.
Osmolarity in Dehydration - ANS Increased osmolality. Severe dehydration leads to higher
osmolality, indicating a higher concentration of solutes in the blood due to reduced water
levels.
Decreased Urine Output in Dehydration - ANS In severe dehydration with elevated
osmolality, the body conserves water, leading to decreased urine output.
Osmolarity Changes - ANS Osmolarity INCREASES with dehydration and DECREASES with fluid
overload.
Thirst Mechanism Trigger - ANS Increased blood osmolarity, or higher concentration of
solutes in the blood, triggers the thirst mechanism to encourage water intake and restore
balance.
Hypomagnesemia Manifestations - ANS Hypomagnesemia manifestations include Trousseau
or Chvostek sign or spontaneous carpopedal spasm, tremor and muscle fasciculations, tetany,
anorexia, weakness, and nausea and vomiting.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANS Water balance in the body is regulated by antidiuretic
hormone (ADH).
ADH Secretion After Blood Loss - ANS Significant blood loss triggers the secretion of ADH,
which helps the body retain water to maintain blood volume and pressure.
ADH Effect in Dehydration - ANS The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will result in
decreased urine output and increased urine concentration.
Normal Range of Serum Osmolarity - ANS 280-294 mOsm.
Inverse Relationship of Phosphorus - ANS High phosphate levels can cause a decrease in
calcium.
Fluid Compartments - ANS The intracellular fluid compartment contains the largest
percentage of total body water.
Dehydration Lab Results - ANS A patient with severe dehydration might show increased
osmolality.
Increased Osmolarity Effect - ANS Increased blood osmolarity triggers the thirst mechanism.
Fluid Regulation Hormone - ANS Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water balance in the
body.
Hyperactive Reflexes - ANS Hyperactive reflexes or hyperreflexia can be a manifestation of
hypomagnesemia.
Severe Dehydration Response - ANS In severe dehydration, the body conserves water,
leading to decreased urine output.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
