Advanced Pharmacology UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
1. Explain Pharma- The study of how drugs are moved through the body and are encompassed in
cokinetics mechanisms of:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Think Kinetic (movement)
2. Pharmacodynam- study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body
ics
nisms?
3. Summarize the
main drug ac-
tions
4. Desired activi-
ty is achieved
through what
main mecha-
,Think Dynamic (change) storage)
majority of drugs either -Cellular membrane disruption
(a) mimic or inhibit normal -Chemical reaction with downstream effects
physiological/biochemical -Interaction with enzyme proteins
processes or inhibit patho- -Interaction with structural proteins
logical processes in -Interaction with carrier proteins
animals or
(b) inhibit vital processes of
endo- or ectoparasites
and microbial organisms
1 - stimulating action
through direct receptor
agonism and
downstream effects 2 -
depressing action through
direct receptor agonism
and downstream effects
(ex.: inverse agonist)
3- blocking/antagonizing
action (as with silent
antagonists), the drug
binds the receptor but
does not activate it
4- stabilizing action, the
drug seems to act neither
as a stimulant or as a
depres-sant
5- exchanging/replacing
substances or
accumulating them to form
a reserve (ex.: glycogen
, -Interaction with ion channels
-Ligand binding to receptors: 1)Hormone receptors 2) Neuromodulator receptors
3)Neurotransmitter receptors
5. Explain the thera- therapeutic window is the amount of a medication between the amount that gives
peutic window an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than
desired effects
6. Duration of ac- duration of action of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective
tion
7. Explain bioavail- drug's bioavailability can be defined as the proportion of the drug that reaches
ability its site of action
8. 6 rights to med- RIGHT CLIENT
ication adminis- RIGHT MEDICATION
tration RIGHT DOSAGE
RIGHT ROUTE
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
9. Potency potency is a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required
to produce an effect of given intensity
(more morphine is needed to give the same effects as fentanyl)
10. Efficacy Eflcacy is the relationship between receptor occupancy and the ability to initiate a
response at the molecular, cellular, tissue or system level. In other words, eflcacy
refers to how well an action is took after the drug is bound to a receptor
11. Affinity Aflnity is how well a drug can bind to a receptor (Fast/strong binding = higher
aflnity)
12. Benzodiazepine Act on GABA which is a major inhibitory NTM in the CNS; Effects are produced by
MOA interacting with a protein complex with in the neuronal membrane GABA which
, has a high 'aflnity' for benzo's specifically;
Inhibition of polysynaptic afferent pathways resulting in skeletal muscle relax-
ation; It decreases the spread of seizure activity due to an increased pre-synaptic
inhibition of the CNS
13. Benzodiazepine Similar actions however different doses/concentrations/combinations produce
uses/indications different actions thus have different uses
Anxiety/panic disorders
skeletal muscle relaxation
seizures
sedation for procedures (due to relaxation and amnesic properties)
14. Benzodiazepines Most derived through CNS actions; Ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness/sedation,
adverse effects blurred vision, hypnosis, weakness, fatigue
More severe: hypersensitivity, mental depression, hypotension, paradoxical stim-
ulation, rebound seizures
15. Benzo pharma- Widely distributed throughout the body
cokinetics accumulate in lipid rich areas (CNS and adipose tissue)
the more lipophilic the agent the faster it is absorbed
Onset 30 min- 1 hr lasting 4-6 hours, peak at 1-2 hours
IV Admin: onset 1-5 min, peak immediately, last 15-20 min
metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine
16. Beta blocker (BB) Interrupts the nerve impulses across the neurons by antagonizing the receptors
MOA with in the cardiac cells resulting in blockade of the beta 1 receptors';
-B1 blockade results in reduction of heart rate (chronotropic), rate of conduction
through the AV node (dromotropic), and force of contraction (inotropic)
This in turn decreases the oxygen demand on the myocytes, reduction in BP from
the reduced HR and inotropic actions
Answers
1. Explain Pharma- The study of how drugs are moved through the body and are encompassed in
cokinetics mechanisms of:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Think Kinetic (movement)
2. Pharmacodynam- study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body
ics
nisms?
3. Summarize the
main drug ac-
tions
4. Desired activi-
ty is achieved
through what
main mecha-
,Think Dynamic (change) storage)
majority of drugs either -Cellular membrane disruption
(a) mimic or inhibit normal -Chemical reaction with downstream effects
physiological/biochemical -Interaction with enzyme proteins
processes or inhibit patho- -Interaction with structural proteins
logical processes in -Interaction with carrier proteins
animals or
(b) inhibit vital processes of
endo- or ectoparasites
and microbial organisms
1 - stimulating action
through direct receptor
agonism and
downstream effects 2 -
depressing action through
direct receptor agonism
and downstream effects
(ex.: inverse agonist)
3- blocking/antagonizing
action (as with silent
antagonists), the drug
binds the receptor but
does not activate it
4- stabilizing action, the
drug seems to act neither
as a stimulant or as a
depres-sant
5- exchanging/replacing
substances or
accumulating them to form
a reserve (ex.: glycogen
, -Interaction with ion channels
-Ligand binding to receptors: 1)Hormone receptors 2) Neuromodulator receptors
3)Neurotransmitter receptors
5. Explain the thera- therapeutic window is the amount of a medication between the amount that gives
peutic window an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than
desired effects
6. Duration of ac- duration of action of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective
tion
7. Explain bioavail- drug's bioavailability can be defined as the proportion of the drug that reaches
ability its site of action
8. 6 rights to med- RIGHT CLIENT
ication adminis- RIGHT MEDICATION
tration RIGHT DOSAGE
RIGHT ROUTE
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
9. Potency potency is a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required
to produce an effect of given intensity
(more morphine is needed to give the same effects as fentanyl)
10. Efficacy Eflcacy is the relationship between receptor occupancy and the ability to initiate a
response at the molecular, cellular, tissue or system level. In other words, eflcacy
refers to how well an action is took after the drug is bound to a receptor
11. Affinity Aflnity is how well a drug can bind to a receptor (Fast/strong binding = higher
aflnity)
12. Benzodiazepine Act on GABA which is a major inhibitory NTM in the CNS; Effects are produced by
MOA interacting with a protein complex with in the neuronal membrane GABA which
, has a high 'aflnity' for benzo's specifically;
Inhibition of polysynaptic afferent pathways resulting in skeletal muscle relax-
ation; It decreases the spread of seizure activity due to an increased pre-synaptic
inhibition of the CNS
13. Benzodiazepine Similar actions however different doses/concentrations/combinations produce
uses/indications different actions thus have different uses
Anxiety/panic disorders
skeletal muscle relaxation
seizures
sedation for procedures (due to relaxation and amnesic properties)
14. Benzodiazepines Most derived through CNS actions; Ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness/sedation,
adverse effects blurred vision, hypnosis, weakness, fatigue
More severe: hypersensitivity, mental depression, hypotension, paradoxical stim-
ulation, rebound seizures
15. Benzo pharma- Widely distributed throughout the body
cokinetics accumulate in lipid rich areas (CNS and adipose tissue)
the more lipophilic the agent the faster it is absorbed
Onset 30 min- 1 hr lasting 4-6 hours, peak at 1-2 hours
IV Admin: onset 1-5 min, peak immediately, last 15-20 min
metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine
16. Beta blocker (BB) Interrupts the nerve impulses across the neurons by antagonizing the receptors
MOA with in the cardiac cells resulting in blockade of the beta 1 receptors';
-B1 blockade results in reduction of heart rate (chronotropic), rate of conduction
through the AV node (dromotropic), and force of contraction (inotropic)
This in turn decreases the oxygen demand on the myocytes, reduction in BP from
the reduced HR and inotropic actions
