Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology 11th Edition

Test Bank for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology () Questions and fully Researched Rationales 100% Verified A+ Guarantee. Motor system - ANSWERSall parts of the brain and spinal cord that are devoted to the OUTPUT of the nervous system. nervous system has what functions - ANSWERSsensory, processing and motor Outputs of the nervous system - ANSWERSmotor funcitons 2 types motor output - ANSWERSvisceral motor, somatic motor visceral motor - ANSWERSsmooth muscle, cardiac, muscle and glands somatic motor - ANSWERSskeletal muscle, voluntary myscle brodmann numbers responsible for movement are: - ANSWERSin frontal lobe, area 4, 6, 8, 44 &45 area 4 - ANSWERSprecentral gyrus: primary motor cortex, sending axons to alpha motor neurons of spinal cord (executing movement) area 6 supplementary motor area - ANSWERSplanning or imagining movement area 8 - ANSWERSfrontal eye fields, eye movements area 44 & 45 - ANSWERSbrocas area. in most people brocas area on the left side is reponsible for the production of speech ( movement of throuat and tongue) primary motor cortex - ANSWERSregion where signal controlling movement originates. anatomically: precentral gyrus, all consciousness is in cortex, so only sonsious planned movement starts here. motor homunculous - ANSWERSface areas found more lateral part of precentral grus, as move up to midline encounter in order : hand arm shoulder, trunk, hip, leg, toes The lateral surface of brain is suppplied by - ANSWERSdifferent set of arteries and arterial branches than then the medial surface of the brain. stroke in right lateral precentral gyrus stroke in irght medial precentral gyrus - ANSWERSparalysis left side of face paralysis of the left leg pryamidal system- - ANSWERSinfo about conscious willed movement is planned in 2 areas of brain cortex. cells in this region send axons down through a important CNS tract called this... pryamidal system: definition - ANSWERSsingle group of axons the inexplicably chages namesfour or five times. starting as internal capsule, change names twice and then emerges on ventral surface of medulla as (medullary) yramids and then decussates at the decussation of the pyramids ( at the foramen magnum) then becomes the lateral corticospinal tract in spinal cord. these are upper motor neurons corticospinal tract - ANSWERSpathway from motor cortex to spinal cord motor pathways - ANSWERScell bodies in precentral gyrus, send zxons down spinal cord, pathway changes names several times but theyre the same axons name change of motor pathway - ANSWERSinternal capsule, near thalmus phyramids in medulla decussation of pyramids (pyramidal decussation) lateral corticospinal tract in spinal cord decussate - ANSWERScross in the form of "X" Decussation of the pyramids - ANSWERSwhere the info corsses form left side of brain to the right side of body and vise versa lateral corticospinal tract - ANSWERSmotor info from the motor region of cerbrum (motor cortex) travel here. when axons reagh the right level they enter the anterior horn and make synapses onto motor neurons there. make synaptic contact onto the alpha motor neuron that will innervate the correct muscle the alpha motor neuron is a lower motor neuron. motor neuron - ANSWERSregulate movement...each effector of motor system is controlled by a nerve cell. last point of contact between the nerovus systema dn effector organ. receive input from brain through spinal cord, and a reflex pathway within the spinal cord. generate electrical impulse (action potential) which travels along axon to axon terminal excitation-contraction coupling - ANSWERSanatomically the strucute where nerve contacts muscle is called neuroomuscular junction or motor end plate. special name for the synapse between muscle and nerve. somatic motor systems pathway - ANSWERSeffector organ receives baton is skeletal muscle. baton is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and it acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the mosucle postsynaptic membrane the receptors are excitory because they allow na and K ions to pass when activated. the process triggered by nAChRs is called exciataiton contraction coupling. action potential at neuromuscular junction - ANSWERSimpulse trigger realease of acetylcholine, acetylcholine diffuses across the space between nerve and muscle cell triggering muscle cell action potential. this evenuall caus Ca release from stores in muscle. action potential travels along muscle surface. ACh removed by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for visceral systems what neurotransmitters released - ANSWERSacetylcholine if parasympatheric, or norepinephrine if sympatheric. acetylcholine neurotransmitter.. receptor? - ANSWERSmuscarinic acetylcholine receptors (either inhibitory or excitatory) norepinephrine neurotransmitter.. receptor? - ANSWERSalpha or beta adrenergic terminology for somatic movement systems - ANSWERSlower motor neuron, upper motor neuron lower motor neuron - ANSWERSused to refer to the neuron that makes the final contact between nerovus sysem and effector organ. directly innervate skeletal muscle. ex. alpha motor neuron alpha motor neuron - ANSWERScell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord and axon that travels as part of anerve to end in a neuromuscular junciton on skeletal muscle. upper motor neuron - ANSWERSall other neurons in brain and spinal cord that influence movement but don not make direct contact with a skeletal muscle fiber. ex. neurons of precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex), neurons in basal ganglia (basal nuclei) and neurons of the cerebellum sensory systems - ANSWERSparts of the nervous system that receive information from external or internal enviornment. relevan stimulus - ANSWERSeach receptor has relevant stimulus which is the kind of environmental energy it is capable of transducing. energy form the environment is generally not in a form that the nerovus system can use directly. ex photons (vison) chemicals present in environment around receptor, pressure waves of sound (hearing) or temperature. ... so photoreceptors dont care what temp it is. transduciton - ANSWERSprocess through which environmental energy is transformed into nervous systemenergy is called transduction. first step in any sensory system thalmus - ANSWERSdecides which stimuli reach conscionusness so all sensory systems are routed through thalmus before reach cortex... except olfaction steps of sensory system, - ANSWERSstimuli, transduciton, infor relay to cortex for consciousness, thalmus, there is a region of cortex responsible for perception of each kind of sensation. if it does not reach cortex it is not perceived. ex. we are aware of something touching skin so skin pressure, but not blood pressure. receptors - ANSWERSexteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors exteroceptros - ANSWERSreceive stimuli form external environment. ex. light waves that are reflected off objects in environsment. pressure waves of air hit eardrum to create perception of sound. all stimuli from outside body 5 senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell)could also add force of gravity...as a steady pull or in movement ( vestibular sense) interoceptros - ANSWERSreceve energy from internal environment. es. oxygen levels, glucose levels, pH in blood. do not reach conscious perception proprioceptor - ANSWERSintegrate info about state of stretch of skin muscles and tendoons with info about gravity to produce a perception of where our joints are in space. ex. if close eyes and someone lifts leg you perceive that your leg is extended even though you dont see it. its the position of joints, muscles and tendons. 6 stimuli for sensory receptors - ANSWERSmechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptros, chemoreceptros, osmoreceptors mechanoreceptors, - ANSWERSdetect movement, such as pressure of clothes on skin or finger touching you, muscle stretched, pressure waves of air (sound). somatosensory, proprioception, auditory, vestibular(ba