ASWB Clinical Exam Complete
Questions And Verified Answers ||
Study Guide Set || Graded A+||
Frequently Tested Qs
\.Individual Characteristics
differences that are unique to each client, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, general
personality style, and disposition
Interpersonal Factors
influence how clients feel and behave; social support, social cohesion, work relationships,
friendships, religious belonging
Institutional Factors
Rules, regulations, policies, and informal structures, which may constrain or promote
recommended behaviors
Community Factors
Come from the social environment in which clients live, including social resources/networks and
community norms
Public Policy
may mandate regulations and laws such as wearing sear belts, not using drugs, and/or limits on
physical aggression
Systems theory
Systems are made up of interrelated parts; each part impacts all other parts, as well as the
system as a whole. The dynamic interactions within, between, and among systems produce
both stability and change.
Conflict Theory
,Clients try to advance their own interests over the interest of others as they compete for scarce
resources. Power is unequally divided and some social groups dominate others. Members of
non-dominant groups become alienated form society. Social chance is driven by conflict.
Rational Choice Theory
Clients are rational and goal directed and human interactions involves exchange of social
resources such as love, approval, information, money, and physical labor. Clients have self
interest and try to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Power comes from unequal resources
in exchanges.
Social Constructionist Theory
Social reality is created when clients, in social interaction, develop a common understanding of
their world. Clients are influenced by social processes that are grounded in customs, as well as
cultural and historical contexts.
Psychodynamic Theory
Unconscious, as well as conscious, mental activity serves as the motivating force in human
behavior. Early childhood experiences are central and clients may become overwhelmed by
internal or external demands. Defense mechanisms are used to avoid becoming overwhelmed.
Developmental Theory
Human development occurs in defined, age-related stages that build upon one another and are
distinct. Human development is a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social
factors.
Social Behavioral Theory
Human behavior is learned when clients interact with the environment through association,
reinforcement, and imitation. All human problems can be formulated as undesirable behavior
and can be changed through techniques such as classical and operant conditioning.
Humanistic Perspective Theory
Each client is unique and is responsible for the choices he or she makes. Clients have the
capacity to change themselves because human behavior is driven by a desire for growth,
personal meaning, and competence. Behaving in ways that are not consistent with the true self
causes clients anxiety.
Trust vs Mistrust
,0-1; infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner; if trust
develops successfully then the child gains confidence and is able to feel secure even when
threatened. Unsuccessful completion can cause an inability to trust, and a sense of fear about
the inconsistent world.
Autonomy vs Shame / Doubt
1-3; Children begin to assert independence by walking away form their mother, picking out a toy
to play with, making choices, etc. If children are encouraged during this stage they increase
independence and are more confident and secure, if they are criticized or overly controlled they
begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive and may become overly dependent and lack
self esteem, feeling shame or doubt about their abilities.
Initiative vs Guilt
3-6; Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given
this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to lead
others and make decisions. If not encouraged, children develop a sense of guilt and may feel like
a nuisance to others and remain followers.
Industry vs Inferiority
6-11; children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments, initiating projects
and seeing them through to completion. If children are encouraged, they begin to feel
industrious and confident about their ability to fulfill their goals; if not, they begin to feel
inferior
Identity vs Role Confusion
12-18; Children become more independent, if hindered they can have a sense of confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Young adulthood; individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and
explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments outside the family. Avoiding
intimacy can lead to loneliness and isolation.
Generativity vs Stagnation
Middle adulthood; individuals establish careers and settle down and begin families, start seeing
the bigger picture; failure to meet these milestones can lead to feelings of stagnation
Ego Integrity vs Despair
, Late adulthood; sense of acceptance about their life and accomplishments; not feeling this way
can lead to despair
Knowlege
rote memorization, recognition, or recall of facts
Comprehension
understanding what the facts mean
Application
breaking down information into component parts
Synthesis
combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole
Evaluation
judging or forming opinions about the information or situation
Cognitive
mental skills (knowledge)
Affective
growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)
Psychomotor
manual or physical skills (skills)
Sensiormotor
0-2; retains image of objects; develops primitive logic in manipulating objects; begins
intentional actions, play is imitative, signals meaning (infant invests meaning in event -
babysitter arriving means mom is leaving); symbol meaning (language) signals last part of stage
Pre-operational
2-7; progress from concrete to abstract thinking; comprehend past, present, and future; night
terrors; acquires words or symbols; magical thinking; thinking is not generalizes, it is concrete,
irreversible, and egocentric; imaginary friends
Concrete Operations
Questions And Verified Answers ||
Study Guide Set || Graded A+||
Frequently Tested Qs
\.Individual Characteristics
differences that are unique to each client, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, general
personality style, and disposition
Interpersonal Factors
influence how clients feel and behave; social support, social cohesion, work relationships,
friendships, religious belonging
Institutional Factors
Rules, regulations, policies, and informal structures, which may constrain or promote
recommended behaviors
Community Factors
Come from the social environment in which clients live, including social resources/networks and
community norms
Public Policy
may mandate regulations and laws such as wearing sear belts, not using drugs, and/or limits on
physical aggression
Systems theory
Systems are made up of interrelated parts; each part impacts all other parts, as well as the
system as a whole. The dynamic interactions within, between, and among systems produce
both stability and change.
Conflict Theory
,Clients try to advance their own interests over the interest of others as they compete for scarce
resources. Power is unequally divided and some social groups dominate others. Members of
non-dominant groups become alienated form society. Social chance is driven by conflict.
Rational Choice Theory
Clients are rational and goal directed and human interactions involves exchange of social
resources such as love, approval, information, money, and physical labor. Clients have self
interest and try to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Power comes from unequal resources
in exchanges.
Social Constructionist Theory
Social reality is created when clients, in social interaction, develop a common understanding of
their world. Clients are influenced by social processes that are grounded in customs, as well as
cultural and historical contexts.
Psychodynamic Theory
Unconscious, as well as conscious, mental activity serves as the motivating force in human
behavior. Early childhood experiences are central and clients may become overwhelmed by
internal or external demands. Defense mechanisms are used to avoid becoming overwhelmed.
Developmental Theory
Human development occurs in defined, age-related stages that build upon one another and are
distinct. Human development is a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social
factors.
Social Behavioral Theory
Human behavior is learned when clients interact with the environment through association,
reinforcement, and imitation. All human problems can be formulated as undesirable behavior
and can be changed through techniques such as classical and operant conditioning.
Humanistic Perspective Theory
Each client is unique and is responsible for the choices he or she makes. Clients have the
capacity to change themselves because human behavior is driven by a desire for growth,
personal meaning, and competence. Behaving in ways that are not consistent with the true self
causes clients anxiety.
Trust vs Mistrust
,0-1; infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner; if trust
develops successfully then the child gains confidence and is able to feel secure even when
threatened. Unsuccessful completion can cause an inability to trust, and a sense of fear about
the inconsistent world.
Autonomy vs Shame / Doubt
1-3; Children begin to assert independence by walking away form their mother, picking out a toy
to play with, making choices, etc. If children are encouraged during this stage they increase
independence and are more confident and secure, if they are criticized or overly controlled they
begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive and may become overly dependent and lack
self esteem, feeling shame or doubt about their abilities.
Initiative vs Guilt
3-6; Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given
this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to lead
others and make decisions. If not encouraged, children develop a sense of guilt and may feel like
a nuisance to others and remain followers.
Industry vs Inferiority
6-11; children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments, initiating projects
and seeing them through to completion. If children are encouraged, they begin to feel
industrious and confident about their ability to fulfill their goals; if not, they begin to feel
inferior
Identity vs Role Confusion
12-18; Children become more independent, if hindered they can have a sense of confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Young adulthood; individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and
explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments outside the family. Avoiding
intimacy can lead to loneliness and isolation.
Generativity vs Stagnation
Middle adulthood; individuals establish careers and settle down and begin families, start seeing
the bigger picture; failure to meet these milestones can lead to feelings of stagnation
Ego Integrity vs Despair
, Late adulthood; sense of acceptance about their life and accomplishments; not feeling this way
can lead to despair
Knowlege
rote memorization, recognition, or recall of facts
Comprehension
understanding what the facts mean
Application
breaking down information into component parts
Synthesis
combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole
Evaluation
judging or forming opinions about the information or situation
Cognitive
mental skills (knowledge)
Affective
growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)
Psychomotor
manual or physical skills (skills)
Sensiormotor
0-2; retains image of objects; develops primitive logic in manipulating objects; begins
intentional actions, play is imitative, signals meaning (infant invests meaning in event -
babysitter arriving means mom is leaving); symbol meaning (language) signals last part of stage
Pre-operational
2-7; progress from concrete to abstract thinking; comprehend past, present, and future; night
terrors; acquires words or symbols; magical thinking; thinking is not generalizes, it is concrete,
irreversible, and egocentric; imaginary friends
Concrete Operations
