NR 283 Pathophysiology ACTUAL Exam QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
what occurs during osmosis? -CORRECT ANSWER-Water moves from an area of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
intracellular fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-fluid found inside the body's cells (2/3 of fluid in the
body)
interstitial fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-type of extracellular fluid; fills the space between cells
and tissues
intravascular fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-plasma; fluid within the blood vessels; type of
extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-fluid that exists outside of the cell (1/3 of fluid in the
body)
when does fluid movement in the body occur? -CORRECT ANSWER-when there are changes
in hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure -CORRECT ANSWER-the pressure exerted to push fluid from one
compartment to another.
example: when pressure in the blood vessels is higher, more fluid may be pushed from the
intravascular area to the extracellular spaces where the pressure is lower.
,osmotic pressure -CORRECT ANSWER-draws fluid from an area of higher concentration to
one of lower concentration.
osmolarity -CORRECT ANSWER-a value used to describe the concentration (number of
particles) within a fluid. Osmolarity determines osmotic pressure.
how do hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure work to control the movement of fluid? -
CORRECT ANSWER-they work opposite of each other to control the movement of fluid
between the blood and interstitial areas. Increased hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to move
out of the vascular system, and increased osmotic pressure draws fluid back into the blood.
hyperosmolar state -CORRECT ANSWER--sodium is high in extracellular fluid (ECV)
-dehydration occurs
-body conserves water and increases sodium excretion
-results in a lower urine volume and a higher urine concentration
-size of ECV increases to return serum osmolarity to normal
hypoosmolar state -CORRECT ANSWER--sodium is low in extracellular fluid (ECV)
-fluid overload occurs
-body increases sodium conservation and increases water secretion
-results in a higher urine volume and a lower urine concentration
-size of ECV decreases to return serum osmolarity to normal
what other factors drive fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-electrolyte concentrations,
blood pressure, proteins, and certain hormones.
how do electrolytes assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-They are used by the
body to adjust fluid levels.
,example: the renal system uses sodium to transfer fluid to the urinary system, or to hold
fluid in the vascular system when a fluid volume deficit is sensed.
how does blood pressure assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-regulated by
receptors throughout the body that send signals to the autonomic nervous system to
constrict or dilate blood vessels depending on the fluid imbalance it may sense.
how do proteins assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-They maintain fluid balance
by attracting additional water to increase fluid balance. Low protein levels can cause
movement of fluid into interstitial areas, causing edema.
example: someone who has low protein can have water leak from the vascular area into the
surrounding tissue, causing edema.
how do hormones assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-They are used to attract
fluid or control the pressure of the vascular system.
example: renin, a hormone secreted by the kidney acts on the plasma protein
angiotensinogen to begin a process that leads to vasoconstriction.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -CORRECT ANSWER-signals the kidneys to promote
reabsorption of water.
Aldosterone -CORRECT ANSWER-signals the kidneys for reabsorption of sodium ions and
water.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) -CORRECT ANSWER-
secreted by the heart to assist with fluid level maintenance.
Which hormones will the body use when there is too much fluid (fluid overload) or too little
fluid (dehydration)? -CORRECT ANSWER-Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic
, peptide are triggered for release by the hypothalamus with changes in osmotic or
hydrostatic pressure.
fluid imbalance: hypovolemia -CORRECT ANSWER-one of the most common causes, occurs
from traumatic blood loss or dehydration. While whole blood is lost due to hemorrhage,
plasma is what is reduced when someone does not intake enough fluid to replenish fluid lost
from sweat and other sources.
hypovolemia causes -CORRECT ANSWER--blood loss from external injury
-dehydration
-anemia
-gastrointestinal bleeding
-medications (diuretics, laxatives)
-extensive burns
-severe diarrhea and/or vomiting
hypovolemia signs & symptoms -CORRECT ANSWER--dizziness
-lightheadedness
-syncope (passing out)
-low blood pressure
-high heart rate
-weight loss
-oliguria or anuria (scant or no urine output)
-hypernatremia
hypovolemia treatments -CORRECT ANSWER-fluids; the type of fluid given is determined by
the cause of the imbalance.
-If hemorrhage is the issue, then blood products are given
ANSWERS
what occurs during osmosis? -CORRECT ANSWER-Water moves from an area of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
intracellular fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-fluid found inside the body's cells (2/3 of fluid in the
body)
interstitial fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-type of extracellular fluid; fills the space between cells
and tissues
intravascular fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-plasma; fluid within the blood vessels; type of
extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid -CORRECT ANSWER-fluid that exists outside of the cell (1/3 of fluid in the
body)
when does fluid movement in the body occur? -CORRECT ANSWER-when there are changes
in hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure -CORRECT ANSWER-the pressure exerted to push fluid from one
compartment to another.
example: when pressure in the blood vessels is higher, more fluid may be pushed from the
intravascular area to the extracellular spaces where the pressure is lower.
,osmotic pressure -CORRECT ANSWER-draws fluid from an area of higher concentration to
one of lower concentration.
osmolarity -CORRECT ANSWER-a value used to describe the concentration (number of
particles) within a fluid. Osmolarity determines osmotic pressure.
how do hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure work to control the movement of fluid? -
CORRECT ANSWER-they work opposite of each other to control the movement of fluid
between the blood and interstitial areas. Increased hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to move
out of the vascular system, and increased osmotic pressure draws fluid back into the blood.
hyperosmolar state -CORRECT ANSWER--sodium is high in extracellular fluid (ECV)
-dehydration occurs
-body conserves water and increases sodium excretion
-results in a lower urine volume and a higher urine concentration
-size of ECV increases to return serum osmolarity to normal
hypoosmolar state -CORRECT ANSWER--sodium is low in extracellular fluid (ECV)
-fluid overload occurs
-body increases sodium conservation and increases water secretion
-results in a higher urine volume and a lower urine concentration
-size of ECV decreases to return serum osmolarity to normal
what other factors drive fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-electrolyte concentrations,
blood pressure, proteins, and certain hormones.
how do electrolytes assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-They are used by the
body to adjust fluid levels.
,example: the renal system uses sodium to transfer fluid to the urinary system, or to hold
fluid in the vascular system when a fluid volume deficit is sensed.
how does blood pressure assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-regulated by
receptors throughout the body that send signals to the autonomic nervous system to
constrict or dilate blood vessels depending on the fluid imbalance it may sense.
how do proteins assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-They maintain fluid balance
by attracting additional water to increase fluid balance. Low protein levels can cause
movement of fluid into interstitial areas, causing edema.
example: someone who has low protein can have water leak from the vascular area into the
surrounding tissue, causing edema.
how do hormones assist in fluid movement? -CORRECT ANSWER-They are used to attract
fluid or control the pressure of the vascular system.
example: renin, a hormone secreted by the kidney acts on the plasma protein
angiotensinogen to begin a process that leads to vasoconstriction.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -CORRECT ANSWER-signals the kidneys to promote
reabsorption of water.
Aldosterone -CORRECT ANSWER-signals the kidneys for reabsorption of sodium ions and
water.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) -CORRECT ANSWER-
secreted by the heart to assist with fluid level maintenance.
Which hormones will the body use when there is too much fluid (fluid overload) or too little
fluid (dehydration)? -CORRECT ANSWER-Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic
, peptide are triggered for release by the hypothalamus with changes in osmotic or
hydrostatic pressure.
fluid imbalance: hypovolemia -CORRECT ANSWER-one of the most common causes, occurs
from traumatic blood loss or dehydration. While whole blood is lost due to hemorrhage,
plasma is what is reduced when someone does not intake enough fluid to replenish fluid lost
from sweat and other sources.
hypovolemia causes -CORRECT ANSWER--blood loss from external injury
-dehydration
-anemia
-gastrointestinal bleeding
-medications (diuretics, laxatives)
-extensive burns
-severe diarrhea and/or vomiting
hypovolemia signs & symptoms -CORRECT ANSWER--dizziness
-lightheadedness
-syncope (passing out)
-low blood pressure
-high heart rate
-weight loss
-oliguria or anuria (scant or no urine output)
-hypernatremia
hypovolemia treatments -CORRECT ANSWER-fluids; the type of fluid given is determined by
the cause of the imbalance.
-If hemorrhage is the issue, then blood products are given
