BS 161 MSU FALL 18 Final Exam Study
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Guide with correct answers
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receptor |activation |- |correct |answersThe |"turning |on" |of |a |receptor, |which |often |occurs |when |
a |signaling |molecule |binds |to |a |receptor |on |a |responding |cell.
signal |transduction |- |correct |answersThe |process |in |which |an |extracellular |molecule |acts |as |a |
signal |to |activate |a |receptor, |which |transmits |information |through |the |cytoplasm.
response |- |correct |answersA |change |in |cellular |behavior, |such |as |activation |of |enzymes |or |
genes, |following |a |signal.
termination |- |correct |answersIn |protein |translation, |the |time |at |which |the |addition |of |amino |
acids |stops |and |the |completed |polypeptide |chain |is |released |from |the |ribosome. |In |cell |
communication, |the |stopping |of |a |signal.
endocrine |signaling |- |correct |answersSignaling |by |molecules |that |travel |through |the |
bloodstream.
paracrine |signaling |- |correct |answersSignaling |by |a |molecule |that |travels |a |short |distance |to |
the |nearest |neighboring |cell |to |bind |its |receptor |and |deliver |its |message.
growth |factor |- |correct |answersAny |one |of |a |group |of |small, |soluble |molecules, |usually |the |
signal |in |paracrine |signaling, |that |affect |cell |growth, |cell |division, |and |changes |in |gene |
expression.
autocrine |signaling |- |correct |answersSignaling |between |different |parts |of |a |cell; |the |signaling |
cell |and |the |responding |cell |are |one |and |the |same.
Neurons |have |what |transmembrane |protein? |- |correct |answersdelta
,Cells |with |activated |notch |transmembrane |proteins |become? |- |correct |answersglial |cells
What |type |of |molecule |is |the |delta |protein? |- |correct |answerssignaling
Is |notch |a |signaling |molecule |or |receptor? |- |correct |answersreceptor
ligand |- |correct |answersAlternative |term |for |a |signaling |molecule |that |binds |with |a |receptor, |
usually |a |protein.
ligand-binding |site |- |correct |answersThe |specific |location |on |the |receptor |protein |where |a |
signaling |molecule |binds.
G |protein-coupled |receptor |- |correct |answersA |receptor |that |couples |to |G |proteins, |which |
bind |to |the |guanine |nucleotides |GTP |and |GDP.
G |protein |- |correct |answersA |protein |that |binds |to |the |guanine |nucleotides |GTP |and |GDP.
receptor |kinase |- |correct |answersA |receptor |that |is |an |enzyme |that |adds |a |phosphate |group |to
|another |molecule.
phosphatase |- |correct |answersAn |enzyme |that |removes |a |phosphate |group |from |another |
molecule.
ion |channels |- |correct |answersCell-surface |receptors |that |open |and |close, |thereby |altering |the |
flow |of |ions |across |the |plasma |membrane.
What |two |characteristics |do |G-protein |coupled |receptors |have? |- |correct |answersFirst, |they |
have |a |similar |structure, |consisting |of |a |single |polypeptide |chain |that |has |seven |
transmembrane |spanning |regions, |with |the |ligand-binding |site |on |the |outside |of |the |cell |and |
the |portion |that |binds |to |the |G |protein |on |the |inside |of |the |cell.
,Second, |when |activated, |they |associate |with |a |G |protein.
When |a |ligand |binds |to |a |G |protein-coupled |receptor, |the |receptor |in |turn |binds |to |and |
activates |a |G |protein |by |causing |it |to |release |______ |and |bind |______? |- |correct |
answersGDP;GTP
G |proteins |are |active |or |turned |on |when |bound |to |____? |G |proteins |are |inactive |or |turned |off |
when |bound |to |____? |- |correct |answersGTP;GDP
Some |G |proteins |are |composed |of |three |subunits, |called |the? |- |correct |answersAlpha, |beta, |
and |gamma |subunits.
The |_____ |subunit |is |the |part |of |the |G |protein |that |binds |to |either |GDP |or |GTP? |- |correct |
answersalpha
When |GDP |bound |to |the |α |subunit |is |replaced |by |GTP, |the |____ |subunit |separates |from |the |
_____ |and |____ |subunits? |- |correct |answersAlpha; |Beta; |Gamma
Is |the |term |"G |protein" |just |a |shorter |name |for |a |G |protein-coupled |receptor? |- |correct |
answersNo. |A |G |protein-coupled |receptor |is |a |transmembrane |receptor |that |interacts |with |a |G
|protein |located |inside |the |cell |on |the |cytoplasmic |side |of |the |plasma |membrane.
denylyl |cyclase |converts |the |nucleotide |ATP |into |_____? |- |correct |answerscyclic |AMP |(cAMP)
denylyl |cyclase |converts |the |nucleotide |ATP |into |_____? |- |correct |answerscyclic |AMP |(cAMP)
First |messenger |- |correct |answersFirst |messengers |transmit |signals |from |outside |the |cell |to |a |
receptor.
, binding |affinity |- |correct |answersThe |tightness |of |the |binding |between |the |receptor |and |the |
signaling |molecule.
Kit |- |correct |answersIs |a |receptor |kinase |and |is |important |for |the |production |of |pigment |in |
skin, |feathers, |scales, |and |hair.
(the |name |of |a |protein, |like |Kit, |is |capitalized |and |in |roman |type. |The |name |of |the |gene |that |
encodes |the |protein, |like |kit, |is |lower |case |and |italicized.)
Dimerization |- |correct |answerspartnering |of |two |similar |or |identical |molecules; |activates |the |
cytoplasmic |kinase |domains |of |the |paired |receptors, |causing |them |to |phosphorylate |each |
other |at |multiple |sites |on |their |cytoplasmic |tails
Ras |- |correct |answersis |a |G |protein, |but |in |contrast |to |the |three-subunit |G |proteins |discussed |
earlier, |Ras |consists |of |a |single |subunit, |similar |to |the |α |subunit |of |the |three-subunit |G |
proteins.
the |mitogen-activated |protein |kinase |pathway, |or |MAP |kinase |pathway |- |correct |
answersActivated |GTP-bound |Ras |triggers |the |activation |of |a |protein |kinase |that |is |the |first |in |
a |series |of |kinases |that |are |activated |in |turn, |as |each |kinase |phosphorylates |the |next |in |the |
series.
PKA |is |activated |by? |- |correct |answerselevated |cAMP |levels |associated |with |the |G |protein-
coupled |receptor |pathway.
Receptors |for |polar |signaling |molecules, |including |growth |factors, |are |located |? |- |correct |
answerson |the |plasma |membrane.
Receptors |for |nonpolar |signaling |molecules, |such |as |steroid |hormones, |are |located? |- |correct |
answersin |the |cytosol |or |in |the |nucleus.
Name |the |steps |that |occur |when |a |signal |binds |to |a |receptor |on |a |responding |cell. |- |correct |
answersWhen |a |signal |binds |a |receptor |on |a |responding |cell, |the |following |steps |typically |
occur: |receptor |activation, |signal |transduction, |response, |and |termination.
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Guide with correct answers
| | |
receptor |activation |- |correct |answersThe |"turning |on" |of |a |receptor, |which |often |occurs |when |
a |signaling |molecule |binds |to |a |receptor |on |a |responding |cell.
signal |transduction |- |correct |answersThe |process |in |which |an |extracellular |molecule |acts |as |a |
signal |to |activate |a |receptor, |which |transmits |information |through |the |cytoplasm.
response |- |correct |answersA |change |in |cellular |behavior, |such |as |activation |of |enzymes |or |
genes, |following |a |signal.
termination |- |correct |answersIn |protein |translation, |the |time |at |which |the |addition |of |amino |
acids |stops |and |the |completed |polypeptide |chain |is |released |from |the |ribosome. |In |cell |
communication, |the |stopping |of |a |signal.
endocrine |signaling |- |correct |answersSignaling |by |molecules |that |travel |through |the |
bloodstream.
paracrine |signaling |- |correct |answersSignaling |by |a |molecule |that |travels |a |short |distance |to |
the |nearest |neighboring |cell |to |bind |its |receptor |and |deliver |its |message.
growth |factor |- |correct |answersAny |one |of |a |group |of |small, |soluble |molecules, |usually |the |
signal |in |paracrine |signaling, |that |affect |cell |growth, |cell |division, |and |changes |in |gene |
expression.
autocrine |signaling |- |correct |answersSignaling |between |different |parts |of |a |cell; |the |signaling |
cell |and |the |responding |cell |are |one |and |the |same.
Neurons |have |what |transmembrane |protein? |- |correct |answersdelta
,Cells |with |activated |notch |transmembrane |proteins |become? |- |correct |answersglial |cells
What |type |of |molecule |is |the |delta |protein? |- |correct |answerssignaling
Is |notch |a |signaling |molecule |or |receptor? |- |correct |answersreceptor
ligand |- |correct |answersAlternative |term |for |a |signaling |molecule |that |binds |with |a |receptor, |
usually |a |protein.
ligand-binding |site |- |correct |answersThe |specific |location |on |the |receptor |protein |where |a |
signaling |molecule |binds.
G |protein-coupled |receptor |- |correct |answersA |receptor |that |couples |to |G |proteins, |which |
bind |to |the |guanine |nucleotides |GTP |and |GDP.
G |protein |- |correct |answersA |protein |that |binds |to |the |guanine |nucleotides |GTP |and |GDP.
receptor |kinase |- |correct |answersA |receptor |that |is |an |enzyme |that |adds |a |phosphate |group |to
|another |molecule.
phosphatase |- |correct |answersAn |enzyme |that |removes |a |phosphate |group |from |another |
molecule.
ion |channels |- |correct |answersCell-surface |receptors |that |open |and |close, |thereby |altering |the |
flow |of |ions |across |the |plasma |membrane.
What |two |characteristics |do |G-protein |coupled |receptors |have? |- |correct |answersFirst, |they |
have |a |similar |structure, |consisting |of |a |single |polypeptide |chain |that |has |seven |
transmembrane |spanning |regions, |with |the |ligand-binding |site |on |the |outside |of |the |cell |and |
the |portion |that |binds |to |the |G |protein |on |the |inside |of |the |cell.
,Second, |when |activated, |they |associate |with |a |G |protein.
When |a |ligand |binds |to |a |G |protein-coupled |receptor, |the |receptor |in |turn |binds |to |and |
activates |a |G |protein |by |causing |it |to |release |______ |and |bind |______? |- |correct |
answersGDP;GTP
G |proteins |are |active |or |turned |on |when |bound |to |____? |G |proteins |are |inactive |or |turned |off |
when |bound |to |____? |- |correct |answersGTP;GDP
Some |G |proteins |are |composed |of |three |subunits, |called |the? |- |correct |answersAlpha, |beta, |
and |gamma |subunits.
The |_____ |subunit |is |the |part |of |the |G |protein |that |binds |to |either |GDP |or |GTP? |- |correct |
answersalpha
When |GDP |bound |to |the |α |subunit |is |replaced |by |GTP, |the |____ |subunit |separates |from |the |
_____ |and |____ |subunits? |- |correct |answersAlpha; |Beta; |Gamma
Is |the |term |"G |protein" |just |a |shorter |name |for |a |G |protein-coupled |receptor? |- |correct |
answersNo. |A |G |protein-coupled |receptor |is |a |transmembrane |receptor |that |interacts |with |a |G
|protein |located |inside |the |cell |on |the |cytoplasmic |side |of |the |plasma |membrane.
denylyl |cyclase |converts |the |nucleotide |ATP |into |_____? |- |correct |answerscyclic |AMP |(cAMP)
denylyl |cyclase |converts |the |nucleotide |ATP |into |_____? |- |correct |answerscyclic |AMP |(cAMP)
First |messenger |- |correct |answersFirst |messengers |transmit |signals |from |outside |the |cell |to |a |
receptor.
, binding |affinity |- |correct |answersThe |tightness |of |the |binding |between |the |receptor |and |the |
signaling |molecule.
Kit |- |correct |answersIs |a |receptor |kinase |and |is |important |for |the |production |of |pigment |in |
skin, |feathers, |scales, |and |hair.
(the |name |of |a |protein, |like |Kit, |is |capitalized |and |in |roman |type. |The |name |of |the |gene |that |
encodes |the |protein, |like |kit, |is |lower |case |and |italicized.)
Dimerization |- |correct |answerspartnering |of |two |similar |or |identical |molecules; |activates |the |
cytoplasmic |kinase |domains |of |the |paired |receptors, |causing |them |to |phosphorylate |each |
other |at |multiple |sites |on |their |cytoplasmic |tails
Ras |- |correct |answersis |a |G |protein, |but |in |contrast |to |the |three-subunit |G |proteins |discussed |
earlier, |Ras |consists |of |a |single |subunit, |similar |to |the |α |subunit |of |the |three-subunit |G |
proteins.
the |mitogen-activated |protein |kinase |pathway, |or |MAP |kinase |pathway |- |correct |
answersActivated |GTP-bound |Ras |triggers |the |activation |of |a |protein |kinase |that |is |the |first |in |
a |series |of |kinases |that |are |activated |in |turn, |as |each |kinase |phosphorylates |the |next |in |the |
series.
PKA |is |activated |by? |- |correct |answerselevated |cAMP |levels |associated |with |the |G |protein-
coupled |receptor |pathway.
Receptors |for |polar |signaling |molecules, |including |growth |factors, |are |located |? |- |correct |
answerson |the |plasma |membrane.
Receptors |for |nonpolar |signaling |molecules, |such |as |steroid |hormones, |are |located? |- |correct |
answersin |the |cytosol |or |in |the |nucleus.
Name |the |steps |that |occur |when |a |signal |binds |to |a |receptor |on |a |responding |cell. |- |correct |
answersWhen |a |signal |binds |a |receptor |on |a |responding |cell, |the |following |steps |typically |
occur: |receptor |activation, |signal |transduction, |response, |and |termination.
