Understand:
cellular proliferation
o process by which cells divide/reproduce
o regulated by cytokines/genetic material
differentiation-
o process by which cells become specialized i.e: type, function, structure, and
cycle
o lymphoid progenitor stem cells differentiate into B Cells and T Cells
stems cells differentiate as they mature
types of stem cells
o totipotent-first stem cells
o pluripotent (primitive, undifferentiated embryonic stem cells)-human body
development
o Multipotent or unipotent (adult stem cells)-maintenance and repair of tissue
adaptation-cells modify in size number, types to maintain homeostasis
osmotic pressure-key determinant is sodium
o decreases with too much water/increases with less water or more solutes
o can be used to describe the concentration of a solution
o ability to attract water/this pressure moves water across the aquaporin
channels
o measured by osmolality and osmolarity, reflects the body water and
electrolyte balance i.e.: reflection of hydration status
o osmolality is milliosmoles (mOsm) of solute/kg=/refers to fluids inside the
body
numerator reflects solutes (sodium, bicarb, chloride, glucose, urea
denominator is the solvent i.e. urine/serum
normal is 270-300 mOsm/kg
o osmolality is mOsm of solute/1 liter of solution/refers to fluids outside the
body
denominator is the solution
normal range is 282-295 mOsm/L
normal gap is 6mOsm/l
high osmolal gap occurs with ingestion of ETOH or other toxic
alcohols
cell cycle stages-two stages
o interphase-time when cells grow and prepare for division by producing many
substances such as RNA/DNA/last 18-23 hours
o mitosis
o meiosis
active transport
o movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of
high concentration
o can be primary or secondary
primary uses energy directly from ATP ex: sodium-potassium pump,
calcium pump, proton pump
, secondary uses stored energy from the sodium-potassium pump rather
than ATP
o involves carrier molecule, usually ATP
dehydration falsely elevates levels
Types of tissue
Epithelial-lines outside and interior areas of the body/may be squamous/cuboidal,
or columnar
Connective-large extracellular matrix and fibroblast cells; collagen, elastic,
reticular
Muscle-made of fibers consisting of actin/myosin (myocytes); smooth cardiac, or
skeletal
Neural-neurons/neuroglial cells
Cellular Injury and Death
Apoptosis
o Programmed cell death
o Elimination of unwanted cells
o Can result from the environmental triggers
o Important in tissue development, immune defense, cancer prevention
o Problematic if unregulated
Degenerative neurologic diseases
Ischemia: may lead to necrosis and bacterial invasion resulting in
gangrene
Autoimmune disorders
Microbiome:
The microbiome is the community of microorganisms-fungi, bacteria, viruses in a
particular environment
Intestines consist of normal flora such as E. coli <--example of microbiome
Characteristics of Cancer Cells:
Sustained proliferative signaling=oncogenes
Evasion of/insensitivity to growth suppressors
Genomic instability
o Acquired mutations
o Somatic mutations
o Epigenetic abnormalities
o Some carcinogens are not mutagenic and may damage the DNA without
affecting the DNA structure-structure looks normal but has been damaged
Limitless replication
o Telomerase
Malignant Neoplasms: Diagnosis and Treatment:
Goals of diagnostic tests
o Identify cancer cells
cellular proliferation
o process by which cells divide/reproduce
o regulated by cytokines/genetic material
differentiation-
o process by which cells become specialized i.e: type, function, structure, and
cycle
o lymphoid progenitor stem cells differentiate into B Cells and T Cells
stems cells differentiate as they mature
types of stem cells
o totipotent-first stem cells
o pluripotent (primitive, undifferentiated embryonic stem cells)-human body
development
o Multipotent or unipotent (adult stem cells)-maintenance and repair of tissue
adaptation-cells modify in size number, types to maintain homeostasis
osmotic pressure-key determinant is sodium
o decreases with too much water/increases with less water or more solutes
o can be used to describe the concentration of a solution
o ability to attract water/this pressure moves water across the aquaporin
channels
o measured by osmolality and osmolarity, reflects the body water and
electrolyte balance i.e.: reflection of hydration status
o osmolality is milliosmoles (mOsm) of solute/kg=/refers to fluids inside the
body
numerator reflects solutes (sodium, bicarb, chloride, glucose, urea
denominator is the solvent i.e. urine/serum
normal is 270-300 mOsm/kg
o osmolality is mOsm of solute/1 liter of solution/refers to fluids outside the
body
denominator is the solution
normal range is 282-295 mOsm/L
normal gap is 6mOsm/l
high osmolal gap occurs with ingestion of ETOH or other toxic
alcohols
cell cycle stages-two stages
o interphase-time when cells grow and prepare for division by producing many
substances such as RNA/DNA/last 18-23 hours
o mitosis
o meiosis
active transport
o movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of
high concentration
o can be primary or secondary
primary uses energy directly from ATP ex: sodium-potassium pump,
calcium pump, proton pump
, secondary uses stored energy from the sodium-potassium pump rather
than ATP
o involves carrier molecule, usually ATP
dehydration falsely elevates levels
Types of tissue
Epithelial-lines outside and interior areas of the body/may be squamous/cuboidal,
or columnar
Connective-large extracellular matrix and fibroblast cells; collagen, elastic,
reticular
Muscle-made of fibers consisting of actin/myosin (myocytes); smooth cardiac, or
skeletal
Neural-neurons/neuroglial cells
Cellular Injury and Death
Apoptosis
o Programmed cell death
o Elimination of unwanted cells
o Can result from the environmental triggers
o Important in tissue development, immune defense, cancer prevention
o Problematic if unregulated
Degenerative neurologic diseases
Ischemia: may lead to necrosis and bacterial invasion resulting in
gangrene
Autoimmune disorders
Microbiome:
The microbiome is the community of microorganisms-fungi, bacteria, viruses in a
particular environment
Intestines consist of normal flora such as E. coli <--example of microbiome
Characteristics of Cancer Cells:
Sustained proliferative signaling=oncogenes
Evasion of/insensitivity to growth suppressors
Genomic instability
o Acquired mutations
o Somatic mutations
o Epigenetic abnormalities
o Some carcinogens are not mutagenic and may damage the DNA without
affecting the DNA structure-structure looks normal but has been damaged
Limitless replication
o Telomerase
Malignant Neoplasms: Diagnosis and Treatment:
Goals of diagnostic tests
o Identify cancer cells
