10/6/25, 1:43 PM Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Final Review Flashcards | Quizlet
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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Final Review
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Culinary Biology and Medical Interventions: ... History of Healthcare 1B2 Do
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Terms in this set (528)
Pathophysiology is defined as not only What is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
the cellular and organ changes that occur
with disease, but also the effects that
these changes have on total body
function.
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation),
chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s
genetic inheritance, and nutritional
excesses or deficiencies.
Risk factors can be categorized as What are the 2 types of risk factors?
congenital conditions (present at birth) or
acquired defects (occurring after birth).
Morphology is defined as the What is the difference between morphology and histology?
fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Histology is the study of the cells
and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each.
example pain, trouble breathing, or
dizziness. A sign is an objective
manifestation, for example an elevated
temperature, a swollen extremity, or
changes in pupil size.
The diagnostic process requires a careful What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
history, physical examination (PE), and
sometimes diagnostic tests.
https://quizlet.com/801197515/portage-learning-pathophysiology-nurs-231-final-review-flash-cards/ 1/17
,10/6/25, 1:43 PM Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Final Review Flashcards | Quizlet
Validity is how a tool measures what it is Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
intended to measure. Reliability is how
likely the same result will occur if
repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of
people with a disease who are positive for
that disease. Specificity are people
without the disease who are negative on a
given test.
Epidemiology is the study of disease Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
occurrence in human populations. It
tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle,
or geographic location.
Incidence is the number of new cases in a What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
population at risk during a specified time.
Prevalence is the number of people with
the disease in a population in a given
time.
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on Define mortality and morbidity.
one’s life. Mortality statistics deal with the
cause of death in a population.
Primary prevention is to remove risk Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
factors to prevent disease from
occurring- taking folic acid while
pregnant to prevent neural tube defects,
vaccinating children to prevent
communicable disease, eating healthy
and exercising to prevent heart disease,
and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary prevention aims to detect and
treat disease early, usually while the
disease is asymptomatic and curable-
annual Pap smears to detect early
cervical cancer, encouraging smoking
cessation, checking blood pressure and
cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening.
Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease
has been diagnosed and clinical
intervention is needed to reduce
complications or deterioration- certain
medications one must take after a heart
attack to help reduce the risk of a future
event or death.
Evidence-based practice is the Why is evidence-based practice important?
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use
of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of individual
patients. This is to counteract “the way
things have always been done,” and to
practice based on clinical research.
https://quizlet.com/801197515/portage-learning-pathophysiology-nurs-231-final-review-flash-cards/ 2/17
, 10/6/25, 1:43 PM Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Final Review Flashcards | Quizlet
All eukaryotic cells have three primary What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
structures that are considered the
functional components of the cell. These
are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the
plasma membrane.
The nucleus is the control center for the What is the function of the nucleus?
cell and contains most of the hereditary
material, DNA and RNA.
Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear Name 3 structures within the nucleus.
envelope
The organelles in the cytoplasm include What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?
the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex,
mitochondria, and lysosomes.
The ribosomes are the site of protein What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has
ribosomes and functions to synthesize
lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does
not have ribosomes and is the site for
lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone
synthesis.
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than
lysosomes and function in the control of
free radicals. The mitochondria are aptly
termed the “power plants” of the cell, as
they transform organic compounds
(energy in food) into cellular energy for
the cell.
The cytoskeleton contains a network of What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
microtubules, microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and thick
filaments. They control cell shape and
movement.
Cilia can be found on many epithelial Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
linings, including the nasal sinuses and
bronchi in the upper respiratory system.
In the human body, only spermatozoa
contain flagella.
The cell membrane controls the transport What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?
of materials from the outside fluids to
within, binds hormone receptors, helps
with the conduction of electrical currents
in nerve and muscle cells, and aids in the
regulation of cell growth and
proliferation.
In complex organisms, cells develop Why do cells need to communicate with one another?
special functions, contribute to growth,
and adapt to changes. Cells must have the
ability to communicate with one another,
transport substances in and out, and
respond to these changes.
https://quizlet.com/801197515/portage-learning-pathophysiology-nurs-231-final-review-flash-cards/ 3/17
Science Medicine Public Health Save
Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Final Review
Leave the first rating
Students also studied
Flashcard sets Study guides
Culinary Biology and Medical Interventions: ... History of Healthcare 1B2 Do
12 terms 11 terms 7 terms 43 terms
Emersyn_Huffman Preview meela_kramer6 Preview tcarter4743 Preview lind
Terms in this set (528)
Pathophysiology is defined as not only What is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
the cellular and organ changes that occur
with disease, but also the effects that
these changes have on total body
function.
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation),
chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s
genetic inheritance, and nutritional
excesses or deficiencies.
Risk factors can be categorized as What are the 2 types of risk factors?
congenital conditions (present at birth) or
acquired defects (occurring after birth).
Morphology is defined as the What is the difference between morphology and histology?
fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Histology is the study of the cells
and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each.
example pain, trouble breathing, or
dizziness. A sign is an objective
manifestation, for example an elevated
temperature, a swollen extremity, or
changes in pupil size.
The diagnostic process requires a careful What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
history, physical examination (PE), and
sometimes diagnostic tests.
https://quizlet.com/801197515/portage-learning-pathophysiology-nurs-231-final-review-flash-cards/ 1/17
,10/6/25, 1:43 PM Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Final Review Flashcards | Quizlet
Validity is how a tool measures what it is Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
intended to measure. Reliability is how
likely the same result will occur if
repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of
people with a disease who are positive for
that disease. Specificity are people
without the disease who are negative on a
given test.
Epidemiology is the study of disease Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
occurrence in human populations. It
tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle,
or geographic location.
Incidence is the number of new cases in a What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
population at risk during a specified time.
Prevalence is the number of people with
the disease in a population in a given
time.
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on Define mortality and morbidity.
one’s life. Mortality statistics deal with the
cause of death in a population.
Primary prevention is to remove risk Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
factors to prevent disease from
occurring- taking folic acid while
pregnant to prevent neural tube defects,
vaccinating children to prevent
communicable disease, eating healthy
and exercising to prevent heart disease,
and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary prevention aims to detect and
treat disease early, usually while the
disease is asymptomatic and curable-
annual Pap smears to detect early
cervical cancer, encouraging smoking
cessation, checking blood pressure and
cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening.
Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease
has been diagnosed and clinical
intervention is needed to reduce
complications or deterioration- certain
medications one must take after a heart
attack to help reduce the risk of a future
event or death.
Evidence-based practice is the Why is evidence-based practice important?
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use
of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of individual
patients. This is to counteract “the way
things have always been done,” and to
practice based on clinical research.
https://quizlet.com/801197515/portage-learning-pathophysiology-nurs-231-final-review-flash-cards/ 2/17
, 10/6/25, 1:43 PM Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Final Review Flashcards | Quizlet
All eukaryotic cells have three primary What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
structures that are considered the
functional components of the cell. These
are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the
plasma membrane.
The nucleus is the control center for the What is the function of the nucleus?
cell and contains most of the hereditary
material, DNA and RNA.
Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear Name 3 structures within the nucleus.
envelope
The organelles in the cytoplasm include What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?
the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex,
mitochondria, and lysosomes.
The ribosomes are the site of protein What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has
ribosomes and functions to synthesize
lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does
not have ribosomes and is the site for
lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone
synthesis.
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than
lysosomes and function in the control of
free radicals. The mitochondria are aptly
termed the “power plants” of the cell, as
they transform organic compounds
(energy in food) into cellular energy for
the cell.
The cytoskeleton contains a network of What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
microtubules, microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and thick
filaments. They control cell shape and
movement.
Cilia can be found on many epithelial Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
linings, including the nasal sinuses and
bronchi in the upper respiratory system.
In the human body, only spermatozoa
contain flagella.
The cell membrane controls the transport What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?
of materials from the outside fluids to
within, binds hormone receptors, helps
with the conduction of electrical currents
in nerve and muscle cells, and aids in the
regulation of cell growth and
proliferation.
In complex organisms, cells develop Why do cells need to communicate with one another?
special functions, contribute to growth,
and adapt to changes. Cells must have the
ability to communicate with one another,
transport substances in and out, and
respond to these changes.
https://quizlet.com/801197515/portage-learning-pathophysiology-nurs-231-final-review-flash-cards/ 3/17
