BIOLOGY 141 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
phylogeny - Correct Answers -evolutionary tree
cladogram - Correct Answers -only information is branching pattern and order
gradualism - Correct Answers -species evolve slowly (exception is punctuated
equilibrium)
monophyletic group - Correct Answers -group contains all the descendants of one
particular ancestor
Biogeography - Correct Answers -similar species are found in same geographical area
Artificial Breeding - Correct Answers -Happens in a controlled setting (pigeons in
England)
Intermediate Forms - Correct Answers -gradual stages between simple and complex
structures
Imperfections - Correct Answers -Inheriting poorly designed versions of a trait
Transitional Fossils - Correct Answers -Intermediate forms in fossil record.
Characteristics of both previous and later organisms.
Hierarchal Organization of Life - Correct Answers -Life is organized in nested groups of
organisms
Taxonomic Levels of Organization - Correct Answers -Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species (smaller taxonomic level - more recent common ancestor)
Homology - Correct Answers -characters in different organisms have similar underlying
molecular and anatomical structures
Vestigal Traits - Correct Answers -A useless or rudimentary version of a structure that
has an important function
- dolphins - hindlimbs
- flightless kiwi - useless wings
Synapomorphy - Correct Answers -shared derived homologous trait that sets the clade
away from other clades
, Homologous traits - Correct Answers -can be genetic - much of phylogenetics is driven
by DNA or RNA sequences
Parsimony - Correct Answers -The principle that the simplest trait/tree is the best one
Bacteria - Correct Answers -- no nucleus
- membranes composed of unbranched fatty acids attached to glycerol by ester linkages
- Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
- unique RNA
Archaea - Correct Answers -- no nucleus
- membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether
linkages
- unique RNA
- Cell wall contains no peptidoglycan
Eucarya - Correct Answers -- nucleus
- membranes composed of unbranched fatty acids attached to glycerol with ester
linkages
- if cell wall is present, no peptidoglycan
List the major events of changes on earth?? - Correct Answers -1. Earth formed
2. Oceans and continents form
3. First evidence of Life
4. Initial atmospheric oxygen
5. Evolution of eukaryotic life
6. Cambrian radiation of animals
7. Plants move to land
8. Animals move to land
9. Permian extinction
10. First evidence of dinosaurs
11. Evolution of mammals
12. Opening of Atlantic Ocean
13. Extinction of dinosaurs
14. Rise of Himalayan mountains
15. Evolution of homo sapiens
Precambrian Era - Correct Answers -- life is mostly unicellular
- Oxygen absent for 2 billion years - then photosynthetic bacteria evolves
Paleozoic Era - Correct Answers -- most major animal lineages
- initial diversification of life
- land animals appear
- ends with permian extinction
Mesozoic Era - Correct Answers -- dinosaurs and gymnosperms
phylogeny - Correct Answers -evolutionary tree
cladogram - Correct Answers -only information is branching pattern and order
gradualism - Correct Answers -species evolve slowly (exception is punctuated
equilibrium)
monophyletic group - Correct Answers -group contains all the descendants of one
particular ancestor
Biogeography - Correct Answers -similar species are found in same geographical area
Artificial Breeding - Correct Answers -Happens in a controlled setting (pigeons in
England)
Intermediate Forms - Correct Answers -gradual stages between simple and complex
structures
Imperfections - Correct Answers -Inheriting poorly designed versions of a trait
Transitional Fossils - Correct Answers -Intermediate forms in fossil record.
Characteristics of both previous and later organisms.
Hierarchal Organization of Life - Correct Answers -Life is organized in nested groups of
organisms
Taxonomic Levels of Organization - Correct Answers -Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species (smaller taxonomic level - more recent common ancestor)
Homology - Correct Answers -characters in different organisms have similar underlying
molecular and anatomical structures
Vestigal Traits - Correct Answers -A useless or rudimentary version of a structure that
has an important function
- dolphins - hindlimbs
- flightless kiwi - useless wings
Synapomorphy - Correct Answers -shared derived homologous trait that sets the clade
away from other clades
, Homologous traits - Correct Answers -can be genetic - much of phylogenetics is driven
by DNA or RNA sequences
Parsimony - Correct Answers -The principle that the simplest trait/tree is the best one
Bacteria - Correct Answers -- no nucleus
- membranes composed of unbranched fatty acids attached to glycerol by ester linkages
- Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
- unique RNA
Archaea - Correct Answers -- no nucleus
- membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether
linkages
- unique RNA
- Cell wall contains no peptidoglycan
Eucarya - Correct Answers -- nucleus
- membranes composed of unbranched fatty acids attached to glycerol with ester
linkages
- if cell wall is present, no peptidoglycan
List the major events of changes on earth?? - Correct Answers -1. Earth formed
2. Oceans and continents form
3. First evidence of Life
4. Initial atmospheric oxygen
5. Evolution of eukaryotic life
6. Cambrian radiation of animals
7. Plants move to land
8. Animals move to land
9. Permian extinction
10. First evidence of dinosaurs
11. Evolution of mammals
12. Opening of Atlantic Ocean
13. Extinction of dinosaurs
14. Rise of Himalayan mountains
15. Evolution of homo sapiens
Precambrian Era - Correct Answers -- life is mostly unicellular
- Oxygen absent for 2 billion years - then photosynthetic bacteria evolves
Paleozoic Era - Correct Answers -- most major animal lineages
- initial diversification of life
- land animals appear
- ends with permian extinction
Mesozoic Era - Correct Answers -- dinosaurs and gymnosperms
