This occurs when the author uses a term in two different ways in the same argument. More or
less the author uses one word in two different ways in which the meaning changes. Aka:
Equivocate - ANSWER Uncertian Use of a Term or Concept
When a persons character, and not the argument presented is attacked. Ex: "We should not
pass this law because Sen Boxer is a lesbian" - ANSWER Ad Hominem
When the author assumes as true what is supposed to be proved. The premis and conclusion
will be identical in meaning. Ex: "This essay is the best because it is better then all the others" -
ANSWER Circular Reasoning
The flaw would either be a Mistaken Reversal, or Mistaken Negation. Confusing a Nessesary
condition with a Sufficiant condition or vice versa. - ANSWER Errors of Conditional
Reasoning
1) Assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events. 2) Assumes that there
is a causal relationship when only a temporal relationship exists. 3) Failure to consider an
alternate cause of the effect, or an alternate cause for both the cause and effect. 4) Failure to
consider that the events might be reversed. - ANSWER Mistaken Cause and Effect
When author attempts to attack opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made
by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument, making it weaker
and easier to knock down. - ANSWER Straw Man
Either failing to provide information to support the conclusion or providing irrelivant
information to support conclusion. - ANSWER General Lack of Relevant Evidence for the
Conclusion