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NSG 522 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTAT FINAL, NSG
522 FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND WELL
VERIFIED 2025/2026
Web of Causation -ANSWER-.....Epidemiologic model that strongly
emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role
of agents in explaining illness.
- think concept map
What does the spectrum of disease describe? -ANSWER-.....- describes the
severity of disease
- can vary from mild to fatal
What does the natural history of disease describe? -ANSWER-.....-describes
the progression of the disease processes over time in an untreated individual
- describes the stages of disease
4 Stages of disease -ANSWER-.....-susceptibility
-preclinical, pre symptomatic or latent disease
- clinical disease
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- recovery, disability or death
Stages of Subclinical disease (5) -ANSWER-.....- not apparent or
asymptomatic
- pathological changes occur
- pathology may be detected by screening
- incubation period for infectious disease
- latency for chronic disease
Stage of clinical disease (2) -ANSWER-.....- onset of symptoms
- diagnosis usually occurs in this stage
Primary prevention -ANSWER-.....- used during the stage of susceptibility
- protects/prevent from getting disease
Secondary preventions -ANSWER-.....- used during the preclinical and early
clinical stages of disease
- early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and
minimize or eliminate complications
Tertiary Prevention -ANSWER-.....- used during the advanced stage of
clinical disease or when disability has occured
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- measures aimed at reducing the long term impact of disease and disability
Which type of preventions occur during the stage of clinical disease? (2) -
ANSWER-.....- Secondary prevention during early part of stage
- teritary prevention during more advanced disease
Chain of infection (5) -ANSWER-.....1. reservior
2. portal of exit
3. tranmission: direct, indirect, airborne
4. portal of entry
5. susceptible host
Reservoir -ANSWER-.....- habitat in which an agent grows and lives
- can be human, animal, invertebrates (insects), and envionrment
portal of exit -ANSWER-.....exit from the reservior
-can be respiratory tract, blood, semen, crossing the placenta, mosquitos
mode of transmission -ANSWER-.....- direct: kissing, sexual intercourse, soil
contact
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- indirect: vehicle borne (water, food, bedding, instrument's) or vector
borne (mosquitos, fleas, ticks)
- airborne: droplet
Portal of entry -ANSWER-.....entry into the host
- respiratory tract
- mouth
- break in skin
- surgical sites
- catheters
susceptible host -ANSWER-.....weak immune status, overall health or
nutritional status
Primary prevention activities include: -ANSWER-.....- sanitize reservoir
- cover portal of exit
- cleanse the transmission mode
- cover portal of entry
- place the host in good health and immunize
Active immunity -ANSWER-.....- body produced its own antibodies
NSG 522 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTAT FINAL, NSG
522 FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND WELL
VERIFIED 2025/2026
Web of Causation -ANSWER-.....Epidemiologic model that strongly
emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role
of agents in explaining illness.
- think concept map
What does the spectrum of disease describe? -ANSWER-.....- describes the
severity of disease
- can vary from mild to fatal
What does the natural history of disease describe? -ANSWER-.....-describes
the progression of the disease processes over time in an untreated individual
- describes the stages of disease
4 Stages of disease -ANSWER-.....-susceptibility
-preclinical, pre symptomatic or latent disease
- clinical disease
,2|Page
- recovery, disability or death
Stages of Subclinical disease (5) -ANSWER-.....- not apparent or
asymptomatic
- pathological changes occur
- pathology may be detected by screening
- incubation period for infectious disease
- latency for chronic disease
Stage of clinical disease (2) -ANSWER-.....- onset of symptoms
- diagnosis usually occurs in this stage
Primary prevention -ANSWER-.....- used during the stage of susceptibility
- protects/prevent from getting disease
Secondary preventions -ANSWER-.....- used during the preclinical and early
clinical stages of disease
- early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and
minimize or eliminate complications
Tertiary Prevention -ANSWER-.....- used during the advanced stage of
clinical disease or when disability has occured
,3|Page
- measures aimed at reducing the long term impact of disease and disability
Which type of preventions occur during the stage of clinical disease? (2) -
ANSWER-.....- Secondary prevention during early part of stage
- teritary prevention during more advanced disease
Chain of infection (5) -ANSWER-.....1. reservior
2. portal of exit
3. tranmission: direct, indirect, airborne
4. portal of entry
5. susceptible host
Reservoir -ANSWER-.....- habitat in which an agent grows and lives
- can be human, animal, invertebrates (insects), and envionrment
portal of exit -ANSWER-.....exit from the reservior
-can be respiratory tract, blood, semen, crossing the placenta, mosquitos
mode of transmission -ANSWER-.....- direct: kissing, sexual intercourse, soil
contact
, 4|Page
- indirect: vehicle borne (water, food, bedding, instrument's) or vector
borne (mosquitos, fleas, ticks)
- airborne: droplet
Portal of entry -ANSWER-.....entry into the host
- respiratory tract
- mouth
- break in skin
- surgical sites
- catheters
susceptible host -ANSWER-.....weak immune status, overall health or
nutritional status
Primary prevention activities include: -ANSWER-.....- sanitize reservoir
- cover portal of exit
- cleanse the transmission mode
- cover portal of entry
- place the host in good health and immunize
Active immunity -ANSWER-.....- body produced its own antibodies
