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NSG 522 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTAT MIDTERM,
NSG 522 MIDTERM EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS [ALREADY GRADED A+]
2025
Epidemiology ........-ANSWER-The study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and
the application of knowledge to the control of health problems
Key focus on population health
Descriptive Epidemiology vs Analytic Epidemiology
........-ANSWER-Descriptive: focuses on distribution; the frequency and
pattern AKA "who, what, where, when"
Analytic: focuses on the determinants; causes
6 Core Functions of Epidemiology ........-ANSWER-1. Surveillance
2. Field investigations
3. Analytical studies
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4. Evaluations
5. Linkages
6. Policy
The first four addresses investigative, research, and evaluative functions to
identify and describe distribution and determinants
Efficacy vs Effectiveness ........-ANSWER-Efficacy is under ideal conditions -
measures outcomes in participants only
Effectiveness is in real world settings. Shows how realistic interventions are
(ie too hard, disliking, don't care, etc).
Variable ........-ANSWER-The characteristic being measured/observed which
can vary and assume different values
Independent Variable ........-ANSWER-Manipulated, experimental,
intervention
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To evaluate the effect on outcome(s)
Dependent Variable ........-ANSWER-Outcome factor, may have more than
one outcome
Conceptual vs Operational Definition of Variables
........-ANSWER-Conceptual: dictionary definition, general understanding of
what something is
Operational: how the variable will be measured, tells you how to administer,
score, and interpret meaning
Example: Depression dictionary definition vs formal survey
Reliability vs Validity ........-ANSWER-Reliability: repeatability and
reproducibility. Does it always yield the same results when repeated? EX:
scales
Validity: accuracy of data. Does it truly measure the variable I'm looking for?
EX: troponin for MI
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Categorical Variables ........-ANSWER-Categories; can't be finely measured.
Considered qualitative
Includes nominal and ordinal variables
Nominal Variables ........-ANSWER-Categorical
Assigned based off names. There is no meaning/ranking to these groups
Ex: gender, race
Ordinal Variables ........-ANSWER-Categorical
Assigned based off order. There IS a ranking, but can't be defined by "how
much"
Ex: pain rating, cancer stages
NSG 522 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTAT MIDTERM,
NSG 522 MIDTERM EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS [ALREADY GRADED A+]
2025
Epidemiology ........-ANSWER-The study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and
the application of knowledge to the control of health problems
Key focus on population health
Descriptive Epidemiology vs Analytic Epidemiology
........-ANSWER-Descriptive: focuses on distribution; the frequency and
pattern AKA "who, what, where, when"
Analytic: focuses on the determinants; causes
6 Core Functions of Epidemiology ........-ANSWER-1. Surveillance
2. Field investigations
3. Analytical studies
,2|Page
4. Evaluations
5. Linkages
6. Policy
The first four addresses investigative, research, and evaluative functions to
identify and describe distribution and determinants
Efficacy vs Effectiveness ........-ANSWER-Efficacy is under ideal conditions -
measures outcomes in participants only
Effectiveness is in real world settings. Shows how realistic interventions are
(ie too hard, disliking, don't care, etc).
Variable ........-ANSWER-The characteristic being measured/observed which
can vary and assume different values
Independent Variable ........-ANSWER-Manipulated, experimental,
intervention
,3|Page
To evaluate the effect on outcome(s)
Dependent Variable ........-ANSWER-Outcome factor, may have more than
one outcome
Conceptual vs Operational Definition of Variables
........-ANSWER-Conceptual: dictionary definition, general understanding of
what something is
Operational: how the variable will be measured, tells you how to administer,
score, and interpret meaning
Example: Depression dictionary definition vs formal survey
Reliability vs Validity ........-ANSWER-Reliability: repeatability and
reproducibility. Does it always yield the same results when repeated? EX:
scales
Validity: accuracy of data. Does it truly measure the variable I'm looking for?
EX: troponin for MI
, 4|Page
Categorical Variables ........-ANSWER-Categories; can't be finely measured.
Considered qualitative
Includes nominal and ordinal variables
Nominal Variables ........-ANSWER-Categorical
Assigned based off names. There is no meaning/ranking to these groups
Ex: gender, race
Ordinal Variables ........-ANSWER-Categorical
Assigned based off order. There IS a ranking, but can't be defined by "how
much"
Ex: pain rating, cancer stages
