Review Exam 1 GMS 6540 exam with |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answers |||\\\
Genetic changes are required for which of the following to occur?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) Initiation/Transformation of a cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) Formation of a pre-neoplastic lesion from an initiated cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) Formation of a malignant tumor from a pre-neoplastic lesion
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) Formation of clinical cancer from a malignant tumor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
E) Metastasis of a clinical cancer - correct answer✔✔A) Initiation/Transformation of a cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C)Formation of a malignant tumor from a pre-neoplastic lesion |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) Formation of clinical cancer from a malignant tumor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
E) Metastasis of a clinical cancer
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What effect would a G12V mutation in Ras have on ERK?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) It would lead to increased activation of ERK.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) It would lead to decreased activation of ERK.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) It would increase the stability of ERK.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) It would decrease the stability of ERK. - correct answer✔✔A) It would lead to increased
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
activation of ERK |||\\\ |||\\\
Are cancers more likely to devlop mutation that activate or inactivate Rb? - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Inactivate
Metabolites of nicotine commonly result in DNA point mutations. Which type of DNA instability |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
is this an example of?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) genetic instability
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, B) chromosomal instability - correct answer✔✔A) genetic instability
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
If a human cell underwent endoreduplication followed by failed cytokinesis, how many
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
chromosomes would you expect that cell to now contain? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A)23
B) 46 |||\\\
C) 92 |||\\\
D) 184 |||\\\
E) 368 - correct answer✔✔D) 184
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following statements is true regarding apoptosis? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) It does not occur in our bodies under normal circumstances
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) Is it a process to ensure cancer cell survival
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) Cancer cells must avoid it
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) Tumors seek to upregulate it
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
E) It can only be triggered by factors outside the cell - correct answer✔✔C) Cancer cells must
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
avoid it |||\\\
Which statement best describes the Warburg effect? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) The switching of cancer cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) the switching of cancer cells from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) the process of making glycolysis more efficient
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) the process of making glycolysis less efficient - correct answer✔✔A) the switching of cancer
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A patient undergoes an FdG-PET scan. Will a tumor contain more or less 18fluorodeoxyglucose
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
than normal the surrounding tissue? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answers |||\\\
Genetic changes are required for which of the following to occur?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) Initiation/Transformation of a cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) Formation of a pre-neoplastic lesion from an initiated cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) Formation of a malignant tumor from a pre-neoplastic lesion
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) Formation of clinical cancer from a malignant tumor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
E) Metastasis of a clinical cancer - correct answer✔✔A) Initiation/Transformation of a cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C)Formation of a malignant tumor from a pre-neoplastic lesion |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) Formation of clinical cancer from a malignant tumor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
E) Metastasis of a clinical cancer
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What effect would a G12V mutation in Ras have on ERK?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) It would lead to increased activation of ERK.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) It would lead to decreased activation of ERK.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) It would increase the stability of ERK.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) It would decrease the stability of ERK. - correct answer✔✔A) It would lead to increased
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
activation of ERK |||\\\ |||\\\
Are cancers more likely to devlop mutation that activate or inactivate Rb? - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Inactivate
Metabolites of nicotine commonly result in DNA point mutations. Which type of DNA instability |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
is this an example of?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) genetic instability
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, B) chromosomal instability - correct answer✔✔A) genetic instability
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
If a human cell underwent endoreduplication followed by failed cytokinesis, how many
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
chromosomes would you expect that cell to now contain? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A)23
B) 46 |||\\\
C) 92 |||\\\
D) 184 |||\\\
E) 368 - correct answer✔✔D) 184
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following statements is true regarding apoptosis? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) It does not occur in our bodies under normal circumstances
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) Is it a process to ensure cancer cell survival
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) Cancer cells must avoid it
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) Tumors seek to upregulate it
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
E) It can only be triggered by factors outside the cell - correct answer✔✔C) Cancer cells must
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
avoid it |||\\\
Which statement best describes the Warburg effect? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) The switching of cancer cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) the switching of cancer cells from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) the process of making glycolysis more efficient
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
D) the process of making glycolysis less efficient - correct answer✔✔A) the switching of cancer
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A patient undergoes an FdG-PET scan. Will a tumor contain more or less 18fluorodeoxyglucose
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
than normal the surrounding tissue? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
