Memorable Psychopharmacology / Stahls Essential Psychopharm Exam Questions with Correct Solutions||100% Guaranteed Pass||Already Graded A+ Updated 2025/2026!!!Newest Version

Memorable Psychopharmacology / Stahls Essential Phytopharm Exam Questions with Correct Solutions||100% Guaranteed Pass||Already Graded A+ Updated 2025/2026!!!Newest Version Chapter 1 Neurotransmitters Effective in treating and preventing manic episodes. - ANSWER Depakote, Depakene, Valproic acid Seizures and Mania Valpro ate a flolate PLaTe folate(linked to neural tube defects, Teratogen) Pancreatitis Liver problems Thrombocytopenia(severe low platelet count) •ataxia •Late: Seizures, Coma, death Tegretol Therapeutic Level= 8-12 mcg/ml Rare= Depakote induced thrombocytopenia Elevation of liver enzymes causing hepatitis Labs before initiating: Pregnancy test, CBC, LFTs Regular Labs: CBC, LFTs Depakote Therapeutic level = 80-120 ug/ml Check level after 4-5 days S/E: Nausea, diarrhea, Abdominal cramping, sedation, tremor, hair loss Rare= Depakote induced thrombocytopenia Labs: CBC, LFTs Watch for s/s of Hyperammonemia - confusion, lethargy, abnormal posture- ataxia, seizure, agitation etc. - Check ammonia level first. Tegretol + Depakote = can cause Hepatotoxic Carbamazepine(CBZ) Treats? •Tegretol level range=remember auto-induction of its own metabolism may start 3- 5 days after initiation = therefore decreases plasma levels( a known phenomenon observed when a drug induces the enzymes responsible for its own metabolism) •Can produce Ataxia even at therapeutic doses Like valproate it acts primarily by inhibiting sodium channels and augmenting GABA transmission. Not a popular drug for treating bipolar disorder because of many side effects, SJS, agranulocytosis, constant adjustment of dose. •Tegretol level range=remember auto-induction of its own metabolism may start 3- 5 days after initiation = therefore decreases plasma levels •Can produce Ataxia even at therapeutic doses - ANSWER Tegretol CBZ Cranial nerve pain(trigeminal neuralgia), Bipolar, seiZures Rare= Depakote induced thrombocytopenia Elevation of liver enzymes causing hepatitis Labs before initiating: Pregnancy test, CBC, LFTs Regular Labs: CBC, LFTs Mood stabilizer levels Target Levels: Lithium Carbamazepine Valproate - ANSWER - 0.8-1.2 - 8-12 - 80-120 Lamotrigine Unlike other anticonvulsants it is beneficial for bipolar depression and has little , if any, effect on mania. While mania is hallmark phase of illness majority of pt's spend most of their lives depressed, not manic. -Use Lamotrigine when pt's feel less like a lion and more like a LAMB. Minimal side effects there is one very important side effect? Remember it by? _______________inhibits the metabolism of Lamotrigine - ANSWER Lamictal Dr. Broadhead says helps with agitation and anger •No blood monitoring •S/E: dizziness, ataxia, headache somnolence, nausea, diplopia •Can cause idiosyncratic liver injury - 10% develop a benign widespread itchy rash, but 10% of those 10% (so 1% of total) will develoop STEVEN-JOHNSON Syndrome where epidermis sloughs off of the dermis and has 5% mortality rate. - Lamotr-ITCH-gine can cause itchy rashes. Valproate inhibits the metabolism of Lamotrigine. When prescribing VALproate with lamotrigine, use HALf the dose of LAmotrigine to avoid killing your patient and sending them to VALHALLA. Which medications are first-line treatment for acute-manic episodes? Which antipsychotics are used to treat bipolar depression? - ANSWER -Typical or Atypical antipsychotics showing effects within hours compared to 7-10 days it can take for a mood stabilizer to kick in. - Quetiapine, Lurasidone, Olanzapine Quietly Lifting Out of bipolar depression Olanzapine and Fluoxetine, BM, TRMDD, BD Quetiapine BM, augmentation of SSRI/SNRI TRMDD. Lurasidone BD, DMX Cariprazine MMX, DMX BD, BM, Principles in treating Bipolar Disorder: 1. Polypharmacy is the rule, not the exception. both mood stabilizers and antipsychotics are often required for both acute and long-term prevention. 2. Choose based on phase of illness 3. Avoid antidepressants in bipolar disorder 4. Don't neglect psychosocial interventions •Good prognostic indicator for Lithium= episode pattern of mania, depression and euthymia •Good prognostic indicator for Carbamazepine - rapid cycling mania •When medications are or have been effective for family members, it is best to trial it •Caution using antidepressants in Bipolar patients - it may trigger a rapid switch in polarity (patients may go rapidly from depressed to mania •First-line treatment for Bipolar disorder lithium or Lamictal. - ANSWER Chapter 6 Anxiolytics & Hypnotics************************************** - ANSWER Anxiety disorders have considerable overlap with MDD. Core symptoms of MDD and Anx? what is the major difference between MDD and Anx disorders? Are they really different or instead different aspects of the same illness? More than 90% of people with an anxiety disorder have a lifetime history of one or more other mental health disorders, with depression being the most common - ANSWER - sleep disturbances, problems concentrating, fatigue, and psychomotor/arousal symptoms. - Depressed mood and decreased interest/pleasure - Anxiety (Fear) and worry Neurobiology of Fear The structure that generates fear response? what regulates fear response? What kind of response is it? The endocrine output of fear? and increases the risk of? Autonomic outup of fear? increases risk of? Known regulators of the amygdala Neurobiology of Worry Structure? - ANSWER -Amygdala(almond shape) near the hippocampus determines whether there will be a fear response.