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1. Health Care System All persons, institutions, and processes supporting diagnosis and treatment of
health problems and for legitimized patients by appropriate providers.
2. Variation Among - Definitions of health problems (e.g. obesity)
Nations' Health - Diagnosis & treatment models
Care Systems - Social position, training, and authority of healers
3. What is health? - Complete physical, mental, and social well-being
- NOT just absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)
4. Determinants of - Genetic inheritance
Health - Health behavior
- Physical environment
- Social environment
5. Health Behavior Behavior that affects health, usually negatively, and are the most common
target for health improvement efforts
6. Smoking, alco- Health Behaviors
hol/drug abuse,
diet, exercise
7. Implicated in lead- Heart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory diseases, etc.
ing causes of death
in the United States
8. Health behaviors the most common target of health improvement efforts
are...
9. Social determi- - Education Access & Quality
nants - Health Care Access & Quality
- Neighborhood & Built Environment
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- Social & Community Context
- Economic Stability
10. Main goals of - Restore health
health care as a de- - Prevent worsening of problems
terminant
11. Late in causal chain cause of chronic illnesses
leading to illness
12. Levels of Preven- - Primary
tion - Secondary
- Tertiary
13. Primary Eliminate risk factors to prevent onset (least focused on now)
14. Secondary Early detection & treatment and restore pre-onset health status
15. Tertiary Prevent further exacerbation of health problem
16. U.S. Health Care - Complex and unique among nations
System - Highly decentralized & fragmented
- Mix of private and public financing and provision of care
- Historically has produced high physician incomes and profits for suppliers of
medical products
17. Components of - Workforce
U.S. Health Care - Facilities
System - Medical products
- Training & Research
- Financing
18. Workforce equals 12.7 million people
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19. Facilities - Ambulatory
- Inpatient
20. Medical Products - Pharmaceuticals
- Durable equipment & nondurable supplies
21. Training & Re- contributes to quality and innovation of health care system
search
22. Financing equals $4.5 trillion in 2022 (17.9% GDP)
23. Organization of - Government
Health Care Ser- - Private, nonprofit sector
vices - Private, for-profit sector
24. Federal, state, and Government sector
local
25. Private, nonprofit Many hospitals & voluntary agencies such as the American Heart Association,
sector Red Cross
26. Private, for-profit Pharmaceuticals and other medical products, insurance companies, nursing
sector homes, hospitals
27. Tend to serve mid- Private, nonprofit sector
dle class and up
28. Tend to serve dis- Private, for-profit sector
advantaged
29. Exercise promo- Primary Care
tion, immuniza-
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tion, prenatal care,
health exam
30. Surgical proce- Secondary Care
dures and com-
mon diagnostic
and treatment in-
terventions
31. Organ Tertiary Care
transplantation,
open-heart
surgery,
chemotherapy
32. U.S. Population - Racially and ethnically diverse
Characteristics - Large and growing population over 65
- Large income disparities
- Substantial prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and pulmonary
problems
Related to need for health care
33. Health Care System - Quality
Performance - Equity
- Efficiency
34. Quality Health outcomes vs. technical accomplishments
35. Equity - Distribution and access uneven
- Geography and health coverage are major determinants
36. Efficiency allocative vs. productive, micro vs. macro