ESP Fetal Echo Book Starred Final [2025-2026]
Exam comprehensive questions and verified
accurate solution
What is the most common congenital disorder in newborns? - answer--
congenital heart disease
What percent of CHD is isolated? - answer--70%
70-80% of CHD have what causes? - answer--multifactorial
What are the CHDs most commonly associated with abnormal
chromosomes? - answer--AVSD + VSD
TOF / DORV
What are the CHDs least likely associated with abnormal chromosomes?
- answer--TGA (cc-TGA/c-TGA)
Heterotaxy
What CHDs are most likely associated with NON-cardiac abnormalities?
- answer--TOF
Coarctation
Pulmonary stenosis
,What defects are associated with Digeorge (22q11)? - answer--
Conotruncal + VSD
What defects are associated with Noonan and TTTS? - answer--
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with William Syndrome? - answer--VSD
Aortic Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with Patau Syndrome (T13)? - answer--
HLHS
Coarctation
VSD, ASD
What defects are associated with Edward Syndrome (T18)? - answer--
VSD, ASD
TOF, DORV
Coarctation
,What defects are associated with T21? - answer--AVSD + TOF
VSD ASD
What defects are associated with Turner Syndrome (45X)? - answer--
Coarctation + AO Stenosis + HLHS
Bicuspid AV
What defects are associated with Holt-Oram Syndrome? - answer--
ASD!!
VSD
What CHD is associated with indomethacin use? - answer--premature
closure of the ductus arteriosus
What CHD is associated with lithium use? - answer--ebstein anomaly
Which direction does the normal heart tube bend? - answer--To the
RIGHT
The foramen ovale is developed from the - answer--septum secundum
Where do the AV and SA node develop? - answer--right atrium
, In which stage of embryology does an AVSD develop? - answer--stage III
In which stage of embryology does TA develop? - answer--stage IV
What does the truncus arteriosus divide into? - answer--aorta and
pulmonary trunk
What does the 3rd pair of aortic arches become? - answer--carotids
What does the 4th pair of aortic arches become? - answer--left = aortic
arch
right = proximal right subclavian
What does the 6th pair of aortic arches become? - answer--left = left PA
and DA
right = right PA
What does the right vitelline vein become? - answer--IVC
If the left cardinal vein persists, what does it become? - answer--PLSVC
Exam comprehensive questions and verified
accurate solution
What is the most common congenital disorder in newborns? - answer--
congenital heart disease
What percent of CHD is isolated? - answer--70%
70-80% of CHD have what causes? - answer--multifactorial
What are the CHDs most commonly associated with abnormal
chromosomes? - answer--AVSD + VSD
TOF / DORV
What are the CHDs least likely associated with abnormal chromosomes?
- answer--TGA (cc-TGA/c-TGA)
Heterotaxy
What CHDs are most likely associated with NON-cardiac abnormalities?
- answer--TOF
Coarctation
Pulmonary stenosis
,What defects are associated with Digeorge (22q11)? - answer--
Conotruncal + VSD
What defects are associated with Noonan and TTTS? - answer--
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with William Syndrome? - answer--VSD
Aortic Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with Patau Syndrome (T13)? - answer--
HLHS
Coarctation
VSD, ASD
What defects are associated with Edward Syndrome (T18)? - answer--
VSD, ASD
TOF, DORV
Coarctation
,What defects are associated with T21? - answer--AVSD + TOF
VSD ASD
What defects are associated with Turner Syndrome (45X)? - answer--
Coarctation + AO Stenosis + HLHS
Bicuspid AV
What defects are associated with Holt-Oram Syndrome? - answer--
ASD!!
VSD
What CHD is associated with indomethacin use? - answer--premature
closure of the ductus arteriosus
What CHD is associated with lithium use? - answer--ebstein anomaly
Which direction does the normal heart tube bend? - answer--To the
RIGHT
The foramen ovale is developed from the - answer--septum secundum
Where do the AV and SA node develop? - answer--right atrium
, In which stage of embryology does an AVSD develop? - answer--stage III
In which stage of embryology does TA develop? - answer--stage IV
What does the truncus arteriosus divide into? - answer--aorta and
pulmonary trunk
What does the 3rd pair of aortic arches become? - answer--carotids
What does the 4th pair of aortic arches become? - answer--left = aortic
arch
right = proximal right subclavian
What does the 6th pair of aortic arches become? - answer--left = left PA
and DA
right = right PA
What does the right vitelline vein become? - answer--IVC
If the left cardinal vein persists, what does it become? - answer--PLSVC
