NU 327 FINAL EXAM 2025 COMPLETE
SUMMARIZED STUDY GUIDE WITH KEY
CONCEPTS GUARANTEED PASS
Normal RBC Count
Female = 4.2-5.4
Male = 4.5-6.2
Normal WBC Count
Female = 4,500-11,000
Male = 5,000-10,000
Normal Hematocrit
Female = 37-47%
Male = 42-52%
Normal Hemoglobin
Female = 12-16
Male = 14-18
Normal Sodium (Na+)
Adults = 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Potassium (K+)
Adults = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Total Cholesterol
<200 mg/dL
Normal HDLs
Female >55 mg/dL
Male >45 mg/dL
(these are protective levels)
,Normal LDLs
Beneficial <100 mg/dL
Harmful >160 mg/dL
Normal Troponin
<0.01 ng/mL
Normal BNP
<100 indicates no Heart Failure
Normal Ejection Fraction (EF)
60-80%
Normal Creatinine
Female = 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Male = 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
(reflects GFR for renal function)
Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
10-20 mg/dL
(indirect measure of overall hydration)
Normal pH Range
7.35-7.45
Absolute pH
7.4
Normal PaCO2 Range
35-45 mmHg
(acid)
Normal HCO3- Range (Bicarb.)
22-26 mEq/L
(base)
,Normal PaO2 Range
80-100 mmHg
Normal SaO2 Range
95-100%
Normal Blood Pressure Range
120/80-140/90
Normal V/Q Ratio
V = 4 L/min
Q = 5 L/min
V/Q = 0.8
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Components & Functions
- composed of brain + spinal cord bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- receives and processes sensory information and creates responses to be relayed to
muscles/glands
- the site of emotion, memory, cognition, learning
- protected by the skull & vertebrae, CSF, blood-brain barrier, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid
mater, pia mater)
Cerebrum
- largest part of the brain
- sensory & motor activities
- motor coordination
- R & L hemispheres
- 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
Cerebellum
- beneath the cerebrum, base of the brain
- coordinates muscle movements
- controls posture
- maintains equilibrium
Brain Stem
, - composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
- pupillary reflexes and eye movements
- respirations
- cardiac, vasomotor functions
Spinal Cord
- extends from the brain to second lumbar vertebrae
- 2-way conduction between brain and PNS
- gray matter - neuron cell bodies
- white matter - nerve tracts
Bulla
- palpable & fluid-filled
- blister
- >5mm diameter
Pustule
- palpable & fluid-filled
- well-circumscribed lesion containing purulent exudate
Ulcer
- damaged/diminished skin surface
- loss of skin through epidermis scar formation
Fissure
- damaged/diminished skin surface
- split in all epidermal layers of skin
Excoriation
- damaged/diminished skin surface
- loss of outer skin layers from scratching/rubbing
Keloid
- augmented/increased skin surface
- augmentation of scar tissue causing significant elevation of skin surface after healing
Mongolian Spots
SUMMARIZED STUDY GUIDE WITH KEY
CONCEPTS GUARANTEED PASS
Normal RBC Count
Female = 4.2-5.4
Male = 4.5-6.2
Normal WBC Count
Female = 4,500-11,000
Male = 5,000-10,000
Normal Hematocrit
Female = 37-47%
Male = 42-52%
Normal Hemoglobin
Female = 12-16
Male = 14-18
Normal Sodium (Na+)
Adults = 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Potassium (K+)
Adults = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Total Cholesterol
<200 mg/dL
Normal HDLs
Female >55 mg/dL
Male >45 mg/dL
(these are protective levels)
,Normal LDLs
Beneficial <100 mg/dL
Harmful >160 mg/dL
Normal Troponin
<0.01 ng/mL
Normal BNP
<100 indicates no Heart Failure
Normal Ejection Fraction (EF)
60-80%
Normal Creatinine
Female = 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Male = 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
(reflects GFR for renal function)
Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
10-20 mg/dL
(indirect measure of overall hydration)
Normal pH Range
7.35-7.45
Absolute pH
7.4
Normal PaCO2 Range
35-45 mmHg
(acid)
Normal HCO3- Range (Bicarb.)
22-26 mEq/L
(base)
,Normal PaO2 Range
80-100 mmHg
Normal SaO2 Range
95-100%
Normal Blood Pressure Range
120/80-140/90
Normal V/Q Ratio
V = 4 L/min
Q = 5 L/min
V/Q = 0.8
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Components & Functions
- composed of brain + spinal cord bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- receives and processes sensory information and creates responses to be relayed to
muscles/glands
- the site of emotion, memory, cognition, learning
- protected by the skull & vertebrae, CSF, blood-brain barrier, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid
mater, pia mater)
Cerebrum
- largest part of the brain
- sensory & motor activities
- motor coordination
- R & L hemispheres
- 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
Cerebellum
- beneath the cerebrum, base of the brain
- coordinates muscle movements
- controls posture
- maintains equilibrium
Brain Stem
, - composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
- pupillary reflexes and eye movements
- respirations
- cardiac, vasomotor functions
Spinal Cord
- extends from the brain to second lumbar vertebrae
- 2-way conduction between brain and PNS
- gray matter - neuron cell bodies
- white matter - nerve tracts
Bulla
- palpable & fluid-filled
- blister
- >5mm diameter
Pustule
- palpable & fluid-filled
- well-circumscribed lesion containing purulent exudate
Ulcer
- damaged/diminished skin surface
- loss of skin through epidermis scar formation
Fissure
- damaged/diminished skin surface
- split in all epidermal layers of skin
Excoriation
- damaged/diminished skin surface
- loss of outer skin layers from scratching/rubbing
Keloid
- augmented/increased skin surface
- augmentation of scar tissue causing significant elevation of skin surface after healing
Mongolian Spots
