HUBS 191 FINAL EXAM quizzes and and answers
Name the four basic types of tissue - (answer)Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and
nervous tissue.
Why do the four types of tissues have different structures and function? - (answer)They are made up of
different kinds of cells. They have different things that make up the extracellular matrix. They have
varying amounts of extracellular matrix.
Types of connective tissue - (answer)Connective tissue proper
- Loose connective tissue which keeps organs and epithelia in place.
- Dense connective tissue forms ligaments and tendons.
- Adipose tissue (fat) and reticular connective tissue (support lymph organs like the lymph nodes)
Specialised connective tissue
- Blood, bone and cartilage
Main role of connective tissue - (answer)- Transport substances
- Provide support and structure
Features of epithelial tissue - (answer)- Tightly packed cells
- Little extracellular matrix
- Forms skin and lines internal cavities
- Many glands are made of epithelial tissue
Features of muscle tissue - (answer)- Cells are stretched or fibre-like
- Main role is contraction
- Allows body and its organs to move
- Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle.
,HUBS 191 FINAL EXAM quizzes and and answers
Nervous Tissue - (answer)- Made up of neurons (conduct messages) and glia (support and protect
nervous system)
- Main role is to transmit electrical signals allowing for communication and coordination.
Cells only survive if the following conditions are meet - (answer)- Enough nutrients
- Correct temprature
- Correct pH
- Can only tolerate smal amounts of toxic substance and waste.
This is why maintaining a constant internal environment (homeostasis) is so important, along with
exchange of nutrients and wast across the cell membrane.
Total body fluid numbers to memorise - (answer)2/3 of total body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF)
1/3 of total body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)
4/5 or 80% of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid (between cells).
1/5 or 20% of extracellular fluid is plasma (50% of total blood volume).
What are transcellular fluids? - (answer)ECF also includes various 'transcellular fluids' contained within
epithelial lined spaces e.g. synovial fluid in joints, ocular fluid in the eye, cerebrospinal fluid
What does a unicellular organism depend on its immediate environment to provide? - (answer)Nutrients
Solute concentration
Temperature
pH
Toxins (including own wastes)
Lack of Predators
,HUBS 191 FINAL EXAM quizzes and and answers
This limits the environment a unicellular organism is able to survive.
What is 'milieu interieur' - (answer)Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878) recognised the importance of the
body's internal environment or extracellular fluid. The constancy of the internal environment is the
condition for a free and independent life.
How did Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945) define homeostasis? - (answer)The maintenance of
relatively constant conditions in the internal environment (ECF) in the face of external (or internal)
change.
1. In our bodies there are mechanisms that act to maintain constancy.
2. Any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist change.
3. There are co-operating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively to maintain
homeostasis
4. Homeostasis does not occur by chance, but is the result of organised self-government.
Normal concentration of sodium (Na+) in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal
concentration in ECF is about 135 - 145 mmol/L.
Main extracellular cation. Largely determines extracellular fluid volume so also influences blood
pressure (BP). Important in action potential generation in nerve and muscle tissue.
Normal concentration of calcium (Ca+) in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal
total plasma conc. is about 2.2 - 2.6 mmol/L.
Important structural component of bone and teeth. Involved in neurotransmission and muscle
contraction. Essential for blood clotting. Regulates enzyme function.
Normal concentration of potassium (K+) in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal
concentration in ECF is about 3.5 - 5 mmol/L.
, HUBS 191 FINAL EXAM quizzes and and answers
Most abundant intracellular cation. Main determinant of the resting membrane potential (RMP).
Particularly important in excitable tissue i.e. nerve and muscle.
Normal concentration of glucose in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal fasHng
glucose concentration ≈ 3.5 - 6 mmol/L. Non fasting (random) ≈ 3.5 - 8 mmol/L
Used by cells (especially neurons) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Neurons particularly
affected by low glucose levels. High blood glucose causes other problems both acute and chronic.
Normal pH range and conditions that result in pH being outside of the normal range. - (answer)Normal
pH range is 7.35 - 7.45.
Acidosis is when pH is too low (acidic), decreased neuronal function and decreased level of
consciousness.
Alkalosis is when pH is too high (basic), over excitability of nerve and muscle tissue. Goes from 'pins and
needles' → muscle spasms → convulsions.
Typical core body temperature - (answer)'Core' Body Temperature is generally maintained between 36
to 37.5 C which allows for optimal
metabolic and physiological functioning. Oral and axillary temperatures are usually about 0.5 C less
than rectal (core). 'Peripheral temperature' is more variable.
Core Body Temperature - Why is it so important? - (answer)At higher temperatures proteins start to
denature. At lower temperatures, chemical reactions slow down, preventing normal cell function. As
cells of the nervous system become compromised, the ability to thermoregulate is lost. Rapid worsening
of the initial condition and accelerated movement of temperature away from normal leading toward
death. This is an example of a viscous cycle and a detrimental positive feedback loop.
Name the four basic types of tissue - (answer)Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and
nervous tissue.
Why do the four types of tissues have different structures and function? - (answer)They are made up of
different kinds of cells. They have different things that make up the extracellular matrix. They have
varying amounts of extracellular matrix.
Types of connective tissue - (answer)Connective tissue proper
- Loose connective tissue which keeps organs and epithelia in place.
- Dense connective tissue forms ligaments and tendons.
- Adipose tissue (fat) and reticular connective tissue (support lymph organs like the lymph nodes)
Specialised connective tissue
- Blood, bone and cartilage
Main role of connective tissue - (answer)- Transport substances
- Provide support and structure
Features of epithelial tissue - (answer)- Tightly packed cells
- Little extracellular matrix
- Forms skin and lines internal cavities
- Many glands are made of epithelial tissue
Features of muscle tissue - (answer)- Cells are stretched or fibre-like
- Main role is contraction
- Allows body and its organs to move
- Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle.
,HUBS 191 FINAL EXAM quizzes and and answers
Nervous Tissue - (answer)- Made up of neurons (conduct messages) and glia (support and protect
nervous system)
- Main role is to transmit electrical signals allowing for communication and coordination.
Cells only survive if the following conditions are meet - (answer)- Enough nutrients
- Correct temprature
- Correct pH
- Can only tolerate smal amounts of toxic substance and waste.
This is why maintaining a constant internal environment (homeostasis) is so important, along with
exchange of nutrients and wast across the cell membrane.
Total body fluid numbers to memorise - (answer)2/3 of total body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF)
1/3 of total body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)
4/5 or 80% of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid (between cells).
1/5 or 20% of extracellular fluid is plasma (50% of total blood volume).
What are transcellular fluids? - (answer)ECF also includes various 'transcellular fluids' contained within
epithelial lined spaces e.g. synovial fluid in joints, ocular fluid in the eye, cerebrospinal fluid
What does a unicellular organism depend on its immediate environment to provide? - (answer)Nutrients
Solute concentration
Temperature
pH
Toxins (including own wastes)
Lack of Predators
,HUBS 191 FINAL EXAM quizzes and and answers
This limits the environment a unicellular organism is able to survive.
What is 'milieu interieur' - (answer)Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878) recognised the importance of the
body's internal environment or extracellular fluid. The constancy of the internal environment is the
condition for a free and independent life.
How did Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945) define homeostasis? - (answer)The maintenance of
relatively constant conditions in the internal environment (ECF) in the face of external (or internal)
change.
1. In our bodies there are mechanisms that act to maintain constancy.
2. Any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist change.
3. There are co-operating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively to maintain
homeostasis
4. Homeostasis does not occur by chance, but is the result of organised self-government.
Normal concentration of sodium (Na+) in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal
concentration in ECF is about 135 - 145 mmol/L.
Main extracellular cation. Largely determines extracellular fluid volume so also influences blood
pressure (BP). Important in action potential generation in nerve and muscle tissue.
Normal concentration of calcium (Ca+) in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal
total plasma conc. is about 2.2 - 2.6 mmol/L.
Important structural component of bone and teeth. Involved in neurotransmission and muscle
contraction. Essential for blood clotting. Regulates enzyme function.
Normal concentration of potassium (K+) in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal
concentration in ECF is about 3.5 - 5 mmol/L.
, HUBS 191 FINAL EXAM quizzes and and answers
Most abundant intracellular cation. Main determinant of the resting membrane potential (RMP).
Particularly important in excitable tissue i.e. nerve and muscle.
Normal concentration of glucose in the ECF and why it needs to be controlled. - (answer)Normal fasHng
glucose concentration ≈ 3.5 - 6 mmol/L. Non fasting (random) ≈ 3.5 - 8 mmol/L
Used by cells (especially neurons) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Neurons particularly
affected by low glucose levels. High blood glucose causes other problems both acute and chronic.
Normal pH range and conditions that result in pH being outside of the normal range. - (answer)Normal
pH range is 7.35 - 7.45.
Acidosis is when pH is too low (acidic), decreased neuronal function and decreased level of
consciousness.
Alkalosis is when pH is too high (basic), over excitability of nerve and muscle tissue. Goes from 'pins and
needles' → muscle spasms → convulsions.
Typical core body temperature - (answer)'Core' Body Temperature is generally maintained between 36
to 37.5 C which allows for optimal
metabolic and physiological functioning. Oral and axillary temperatures are usually about 0.5 C less
than rectal (core). 'Peripheral temperature' is more variable.
Core Body Temperature - Why is it so important? - (answer)At higher temperatures proteins start to
denature. At lower temperatures, chemical reactions slow down, preventing normal cell function. As
cells of the nervous system become compromised, the ability to thermoregulate is lost. Rapid worsening
of the initial condition and accelerated movement of temperature away from normal leading toward
death. This is an example of a viscous cycle and a detrimental positive feedback loop.
