,CONTE NT S
Preface xiii
List of Symbols, Units, and Notation xix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
Case Study: The Future Beckons: Will the Electric Power
Industry Heed the Call? 2
1.1 History of Electric Power Systems 10
1.2 Present and Future Trends 17
1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure 21
1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering 22
1.5 Powerworld Simulator 24
CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals 31
Case Study: Making Microgrids Work 32
2.1 Phasors 46
2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-P hase AC Circuits 47
2.3 Complex Power 53
2.4 Network Equations 58
2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 60
2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 68
2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase
Versus Single-Phase Systems 74
CHAPTER 3 Power Transformers 90
Case Study: PJM Manages Aging Transformer Fleet 91
3.1 The Ideal Transformer 96
3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transform ers 102
3.3 The Per-Unit System 108
3.4 Three-Phase Transform er Connections and Phase Shift 116
3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced
Three-Phase Two-Winding Transform ers
121
3.6 Three-Winding Transform ers 126
3.7 Autotransform ers 130
3.8 Transform ers with O¤-Nominal Turns Ratios 131
Vii
, viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4 Transmission Line Parameters 159
Case Study: Transmission Line Conductor Design Comes of Age 160
Case Study: Six Utilities Share Their Perspectives on Insulators 164
4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations 169
4.2 Resistance 174
4.3 Conductance 177
4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 178
4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and
Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal
Phase Spacing 183
4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase
Spacing, Bundled Conductors 185
4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral
Conductors and Earth Return 193
4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 199
4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and
Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase
Spacing 201
4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase
Spacing, Bundled Conductors 204
4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral
Conductors and Earth Return 207
4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor
Surfaces and at Ground Level 212
4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 215
CHAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 233
Case Study: The abcs of HVDC Transmission Technologies 234
5.1 Medium and Short Line Approxim ations 248
5.2 Transmission-L ine Di¤erential Equations 254
5.3 Equivalent p Circuit 260
5.4 Lossless Lines 262
5.5 Maximum Power Flow 271
5.6 Line Loadability 273
5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques 277
CHAPTER 6 Power Flows 294
Case Study: Future Vision 295
Case Study: Characteristics of Wind Turbine
Generators for Wind Power Plants 305
6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic
Equations: Gauss Elimination
311
6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic
Equations: Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel 315
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, CON TEN TS ix
6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic
Equations: Newton–Raphson 321
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface xiii
List of Symbols, Units, and Notation xix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
Case Study: The Future Beckons: Will the Electric Power
Industry Heed the Call? 2
1.1 History of Electric Power Systems 10
1.2 Present and Future Trends 17
1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure 21
1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering 22
1.5 Powerworld Simulator 24
CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals 31
Case Study: Making Microgrids Work 32
2.1 Phasors 46
2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-P hase AC Circuits 47
2.3 Complex Power 53
2.4 Network Equations 58
2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 60
2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 68
2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase
Versus Single-Phase Systems 74
CHAPTER 3 Power Transformers 90
Case Study: PJM Manages Aging Transformer Fleet 91
3.1 The Ideal Transformer 96
3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transform ers 102
3.3 The Per-Unit System 108
3.4 Three-Phase Transform er Connections and Phase Shift 116
3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced
Three-Phase Two-Winding Transform ers
121
3.6 Three-Winding Transform ers 126
3.7 Autotransform ers 130
3.8 Transform ers with O¤-Nominal Turns Ratios 131
Vii
, viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4 Transmission Line Parameters 159
Case Study: Transmission Line Conductor Design Comes of Age 160
Case Study: Six Utilities Share Their Perspectives on Insulators 164
4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations 169
4.2 Resistance 174
4.3 Conductance 177
4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 178
4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and
Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal
Phase Spacing 183
4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase
Spacing, Bundled Conductors 185
4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral
Conductors and Earth Return 193
4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 199
4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and
Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase
Spacing 201
4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase
Spacing, Bundled Conductors 204
4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral
Conductors and Earth Return 207
4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor
Surfaces and at Ground Level 212
4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 215
CHAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 233
Case Study: The abcs of HVDC Transmission Technologies 234
5.1 Medium and Short Line Approxim ations 248
5.2 Transmission-L ine Di¤erential Equations 254
5.3 Equivalent p Circuit 260
5.4 Lossless Lines 262
5.5 Maximum Power Flow 271
5.6 Line Loadability 273
5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques 277
CHAPTER 6 Power Flows 294
Case Study: Future Vision 295
Case Study: Characteristics of Wind Turbine
Generators for Wind Power Plants 305
6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic
Equations: Gauss Elimination
311
6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic
Equations: Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel 315
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, CON TEN TS ix
6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic
Equations: Newton–Raphson 321
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
