.
NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology — Final
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales Q&A | Instant
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Cardiovascular System
1. Which compensatory mechanism is initially triggered in heart failure to
maintain cardiac output?
A. Decreased preload
B. Decreased afterload
C. Increased sympathetic activity
D. Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system
Answer: C. Increased sympathetic activity
Sympathetic activation increases heart rate and contractility to maintain
cardiac output in early heart failure.
2. A patient with left-sided heart failure is most likely to develop:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Hepatomegaly
C. Pulmonary congestion
D. Jugular venous distension
Answer: C. Pulmonary congestion
Left-sided failure leads to backflow of blood into the pulmonary circulation,
causing congestion and dyspnea.
3. Which finding is most consistent with unstable angina?
A. Chest pain relieved by rest
B. Chest pain lasting <10 minutes
C. ST-segment elevation on ECG
, D. Chest pain unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin
Answer: D. Chest pain unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin
Unstable angina indicates worsening ischemia and risk of myocardial
infarction.
4. Which factor contributes to the development of atherosclerosis?
A. High HDL cholesterol
B. Endothelial injury
C. Low LDL cholesterol
D. Antioxidant activity
Answer: B. Endothelial injury
Endothelial damage promotes plaque formation through inflammation and
lipid deposition.
5. A patient with hypertension demonstrates left ventricular hypertrophy.
This adaptation is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B. Hypertrophy
The myocardium increases in size to handle the increased workload from
elevated afterload.
Pulmonary System
6. The hallmark pathophysiologic feature of asthma is:
A. Loss of alveoli
B. Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
C. Destruction of lung parenchyma
D. Excessive surfactant production
Answer: B. Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
Asthma involves chronic inflammation, bronchospasm, and reversible
obstruction.
,7. Which arterial blood gas finding is expected in early acute asthma
exacerbation?
A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Answer: A. Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation causes CO₂ to decrease initially before fatigue leads to
acidosis.
8. Which condition is most associated with “pink puffers”?
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Emphysema
D. Asthma
Answer: C. Emphysema
Emphysema patients often maintain oxygenation with pursed-lip breathing,
hence “pink puffers.”
9. Pulmonary embolism most commonly originates from:
A. Right atrium
B. Carotid artery
C. Deep veins of the legs
D. Coronary arteries
Answer: C. Deep veins of the legs
DVT is the most frequent source of pulmonary emboli.
10.Which finding differentiates chronic bronchitis from emphysema?
A. Barrel chest
B. Hypoxemia with cyanosis
C. Weight loss
D. Decreased elastic recoil
Answer: B. Hypoxemia with cyanosis
Chronic bronchitis patients are “blue bloaters,” characterized by cyanosis
and edema.
, Renal System
11.The primary pathophysiologic mechanism of acute glomerulonephritis is:
A. Prerenal ischemia
B. Immune complex deposition
C. Obstruction of urinary outflow
D. Tubular necrosis
Answer: B. Immune complex deposition
Immune complexes deposit in glomeruli, causing inflammation and reduced
filtration.
12.Which electrolyte abnormality is most associated with chronic kidney
disease (CKD)?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B. Hyperkalemia
Declining GFR impairs potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia.
13.Proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome is primarily caused by:
A. Tubular dysfunction
B. Glomerular basement membrane damage
C. Reduced renal blood flow
D. Increased oncotic pressure
Answer: B. Glomerular basement membrane damage
Damage increases permeability, allowing proteins to escape into urine.
14.The most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) is:
A. Postrenal obstruction
B. Intrarenal damage
C. Prerenal ischemia
D. Sepsis
Answer: C. Prerenal ischemia
Decreased renal perfusion is the leading cause of AKI.
15.In chronic kidney disease, anemia develops due to:
A. Hemolysis
NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology — Final
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales Q&A | Instant
Download Pdf
Cardiovascular System
1. Which compensatory mechanism is initially triggered in heart failure to
maintain cardiac output?
A. Decreased preload
B. Decreased afterload
C. Increased sympathetic activity
D. Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system
Answer: C. Increased sympathetic activity
Sympathetic activation increases heart rate and contractility to maintain
cardiac output in early heart failure.
2. A patient with left-sided heart failure is most likely to develop:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Hepatomegaly
C. Pulmonary congestion
D. Jugular venous distension
Answer: C. Pulmonary congestion
Left-sided failure leads to backflow of blood into the pulmonary circulation,
causing congestion and dyspnea.
3. Which finding is most consistent with unstable angina?
A. Chest pain relieved by rest
B. Chest pain lasting <10 minutes
C. ST-segment elevation on ECG
, D. Chest pain unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin
Answer: D. Chest pain unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin
Unstable angina indicates worsening ischemia and risk of myocardial
infarction.
4. Which factor contributes to the development of atherosclerosis?
A. High HDL cholesterol
B. Endothelial injury
C. Low LDL cholesterol
D. Antioxidant activity
Answer: B. Endothelial injury
Endothelial damage promotes plaque formation through inflammation and
lipid deposition.
5. A patient with hypertension demonstrates left ventricular hypertrophy.
This adaptation is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B. Hypertrophy
The myocardium increases in size to handle the increased workload from
elevated afterload.
Pulmonary System
6. The hallmark pathophysiologic feature of asthma is:
A. Loss of alveoli
B. Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
C. Destruction of lung parenchyma
D. Excessive surfactant production
Answer: B. Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
Asthma involves chronic inflammation, bronchospasm, and reversible
obstruction.
,7. Which arterial blood gas finding is expected in early acute asthma
exacerbation?
A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Answer: A. Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation causes CO₂ to decrease initially before fatigue leads to
acidosis.
8. Which condition is most associated with “pink puffers”?
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Emphysema
D. Asthma
Answer: C. Emphysema
Emphysema patients often maintain oxygenation with pursed-lip breathing,
hence “pink puffers.”
9. Pulmonary embolism most commonly originates from:
A. Right atrium
B. Carotid artery
C. Deep veins of the legs
D. Coronary arteries
Answer: C. Deep veins of the legs
DVT is the most frequent source of pulmonary emboli.
10.Which finding differentiates chronic bronchitis from emphysema?
A. Barrel chest
B. Hypoxemia with cyanosis
C. Weight loss
D. Decreased elastic recoil
Answer: B. Hypoxemia with cyanosis
Chronic bronchitis patients are “blue bloaters,” characterized by cyanosis
and edema.
, Renal System
11.The primary pathophysiologic mechanism of acute glomerulonephritis is:
A. Prerenal ischemia
B. Immune complex deposition
C. Obstruction of urinary outflow
D. Tubular necrosis
Answer: B. Immune complex deposition
Immune complexes deposit in glomeruli, causing inflammation and reduced
filtration.
12.Which electrolyte abnormality is most associated with chronic kidney
disease (CKD)?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B. Hyperkalemia
Declining GFR impairs potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia.
13.Proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome is primarily caused by:
A. Tubular dysfunction
B. Glomerular basement membrane damage
C. Reduced renal blood flow
D. Increased oncotic pressure
Answer: B. Glomerular basement membrane damage
Damage increases permeability, allowing proteins to escape into urine.
14.The most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) is:
A. Postrenal obstruction
B. Intrarenal damage
C. Prerenal ischemia
D. Sepsis
Answer: C. Prerenal ischemia
Decreased renal perfusion is the leading cause of AKI.
15.In chronic kidney disease, anemia develops due to:
A. Hemolysis
