,Chapter 1 Test A
u u u
MULTIPLE CHOICE u
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from u u u u u u u u
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
u nn u u u u u u u u
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uworking more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years
nn u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ugrowing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
u u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
u u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing u u u u u u u u
u less.ANS: D PTS: 2 u
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
upressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure inu u u u u u u u u u u
uadults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also
u u nn u u u u u u u u u
displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
the ability to think and recall information.
u u u u u u u
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. u u u u
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall u u u u u u u
u information.ANS: C PTS: 2 u
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
utheproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uemotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
"right rule" whatever the situation.
u u u u u
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
u u u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
u u u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
u u u u u u u u u u
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
utaxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
u these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uearnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ucorrect to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
u u u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
u u u u u u u u u
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely
u u u u u u u u u u u
uto be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
u significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For u u u u u u u u u u u u
both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the
u u u nn u u u u u u u u u u u
same offenses than black women.
u u u u u
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. u u u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in u u u u u u u u u
u prison. ANS: nn B PTS: 2 u
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists
u u u u nn u u u u u u u u u
them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
advertisers by using these zombie computers tovisit pay-per-click ads.
u u u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. u u u u u u u u u
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a u u u u u u u u u
u firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2 u
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
reflect the state ofinterplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
for planetologists.
u u
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. u u u u u u u u
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the u u u u u u u
u atmosphere. ANS: nn C PTS: 2 u
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
u nn u u u u u u u u u u u u u
traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
in the wild will be averted.
u u u u u u
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. u u u u u u u u u
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be
u u u u u u u u u
u averted.ANS: A PTS: 2 u
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uunderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
u u u u u u u u u u u u
feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uand how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ubehavior and mental processing.u u u
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
u u u u u u u u
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
cells and cause disease.
u u u u
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
u u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living
u u u u u u u
u cells.ANS: B PTS: 2 u
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uwind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
unew photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uinto electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with
u u u u u u u u u u u u
dirty coal-fired plants.
u u u
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
u u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
u u u u u u u u u
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into
u u u u u u u
u electricity.ANS: DPTS: 2 u
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
unot commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uof these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uprisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uevidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
u u u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
u u u u u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
3
u u u
MULTIPLE CHOICE u
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from u u u u u u u u
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
u nn u u u u u u u u
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uworking more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years
nn u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ugrowing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
u u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
u u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing u u u u u u u u
u less.ANS: D PTS: 2 u
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
upressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure inu u u u u u u u u u u
uadults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also
u u nn u u u u u u u u u
displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
the ability to think and recall information.
u u u u u u u
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. u u u u
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall u u u u u u u
u information.ANS: C PTS: 2 u
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
utheproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uemotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
"right rule" whatever the situation.
u u u u u
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
u u u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
u u u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
u u u u u u u u u u
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
utaxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
u these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uearnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ucorrect to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
u u u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
u u u u u u u u u
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely
u u u u u u u u u u u
uto be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
u significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For u u u u u u u u u u u u
both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the
u u u nn u u u u u u u u u u u
same offenses than black women.
u u u u u
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. u u u u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in u u u u u u u u u
u prison. ANS: nn B PTS: 2 u
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists
u u u u nn u u u u u u u u u
them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
advertisers by using these zombie computers tovisit pay-per-click ads.
u u u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. u u u u u u u u u
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a u u u u u u u u u
u firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2 u
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
reflect the state ofinterplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
for planetologists.
u u
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. u u u u u u u u
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the u u u u u u u
u atmosphere. ANS: nn C PTS: 2 u
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
u nn u u u u u u u u u u u u u
traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
in the wild will be averted.
u u u u u u
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. u u u u u u u u u
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be
u u u u u u u u u
u averted.ANS: A PTS: 2 u
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uunderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
u u u u u u u u u u u u
feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uand how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ubehavior and mental processing.u u u
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
u u u u u u u u
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
cells and cause disease.
u u u u
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
u u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living
u u u u u u u
u cells.ANS: B PTS: 2 u
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uwind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
unew photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uinto electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with
u u u u u u u u u u u u
dirty coal-fired plants.
u u u
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
u u u u u u u u u u
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
u u u u u u u u u
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
u u u u u u u u u
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into
u u u u u u u
u electricity.ANS: DPTS: 2 u
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
unot commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uof these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uprisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
uevidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
u u u u u u u u u
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
u u u u u u u u u u u
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
u u u u u u u
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
u u u u u u u u u
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
3
