BSC2011 Exam 1 USF |119 Questions and Answers
descent with modification - -principle that each living species has descended, with
changes, from other species over time
-Homology - -similarity resulting from common ancestry
-homologous structures - -similar structures that related species have inherited from a
common ancestor
-analogous structures - -structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are
similar in function
-convergent evolution - -Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species
-Fossil - -The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past
-vestigial structures - -A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its
original purpose
-evolutionary tree - -A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary
relationships among groups of organisms.
-Biogeography - -study of the distribution of organisms around the world
-artificial selection - -Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural
variation among different organisms
-Adaptation - -A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and
reproduce in a particular environment.
-Evolution - -Change of one or more a kind of organism from one generation to the next;
process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Occurs in
populations
-Population - -A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same
area
-natural selection - -A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Main process of evolution. Must have variation in population,
-Microevolution - -Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
1. New genetic variation
- Mutation
, - Gene duplication
- Exon shuffling
- Horizontal gene transfer
-Macroevolution - -Evolutionary change above the species level, including the appearance
of major evolutionary developments, such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.
-Species - -a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of
exchanging genes or interbreeding.
-Alfred Russel Wallace - -British naturalist who developed a hypothesis of natural
selection similar to Darwin's
-Darwin - -English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural
selection (1809-1882)
-Aristotle - -Greek philosopher, thought species were fixed, no evolution
-Carolus Linnaeus - -(1707-1778) Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned
with naming and classifying organisms. Developed two part system of naming organisms.
-Georges Cuvier - -(1769-1832) Largely developed paleontology, the study of fossils.
Advocated catastrophism. Used sedimentary rock. Older rock has less similar organisms.
Thought replacement came from large catastrophes.
-James Hutton - -father of geology, created the idea of gradual
-Charles Lyell (1797-1875) - -Also considered gradual change
Processes of geological change
are the same today as long ago
-Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - -This man developed the first cohesive theory of evolution after
his studies of biology. About same time as Cuvier, before Lyell, Gradual
biological
change, Explains fossil patterns, Organisms change to match environment, Considered
traits inheritable, Flaws:
Thought organisms controlled their complexity, Idea of use/disuse
-Charles Darwin - -English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America
and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.
-phylogentic tree - -Evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a
branching diagram; represents hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
-fossil record - -Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
descent with modification - -principle that each living species has descended, with
changes, from other species over time
-Homology - -similarity resulting from common ancestry
-homologous structures - -similar structures that related species have inherited from a
common ancestor
-analogous structures - -structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are
similar in function
-convergent evolution - -Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species
-Fossil - -The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past
-vestigial structures - -A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its
original purpose
-evolutionary tree - -A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary
relationships among groups of organisms.
-Biogeography - -study of the distribution of organisms around the world
-artificial selection - -Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural
variation among different organisms
-Adaptation - -A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and
reproduce in a particular environment.
-Evolution - -Change of one or more a kind of organism from one generation to the next;
process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Occurs in
populations
-Population - -A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same
area
-natural selection - -A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Main process of evolution. Must have variation in population,
-Microevolution - -Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
1. New genetic variation
- Mutation
, - Gene duplication
- Exon shuffling
- Horizontal gene transfer
-Macroevolution - -Evolutionary change above the species level, including the appearance
of major evolutionary developments, such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.
-Species - -a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of
exchanging genes or interbreeding.
-Alfred Russel Wallace - -British naturalist who developed a hypothesis of natural
selection similar to Darwin's
-Darwin - -English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural
selection (1809-1882)
-Aristotle - -Greek philosopher, thought species were fixed, no evolution
-Carolus Linnaeus - -(1707-1778) Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned
with naming and classifying organisms. Developed two part system of naming organisms.
-Georges Cuvier - -(1769-1832) Largely developed paleontology, the study of fossils.
Advocated catastrophism. Used sedimentary rock. Older rock has less similar organisms.
Thought replacement came from large catastrophes.
-James Hutton - -father of geology, created the idea of gradual
-Charles Lyell (1797-1875) - -Also considered gradual change
Processes of geological change
are the same today as long ago
-Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - -This man developed the first cohesive theory of evolution after
his studies of biology. About same time as Cuvier, before Lyell, Gradual
biological
change, Explains fossil patterns, Organisms change to match environment, Considered
traits inheritable, Flaws:
Thought organisms controlled their complexity, Idea of use/disuse
-Charles Darwin - -English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America
and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.
-phylogentic tree - -Evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a
branching diagram; represents hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
-fossil record - -Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
