NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review Adv
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
Plus Rationales Q&A | Instant Download Pdf
Cellular Pathophysiology
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, usually in response to increased
workload (e.g., myocardial hypertrophy in hypertension).
2. Which of the following is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?
A. Uterine enlargement during pregnancy
B. Breast enlargement at puberty
C. Endometrial hyperplasia from unopposed estrogen
D. Skeletal muscle growth with exercise
Pathologic hyperplasia is abnormal proliferation, such as endometrial
hyperplasia due to hormonal imbalance.
3. Dysplasia is best described as:
A. Normal differentiation
B. Disordered cellular growth
C. Decreased cell size
D. Increased cell number
Dysplasia refers to abnormal cell size, shape, and organization; it is a
precursor to cancer.
4. Which cellular injury mechanism results from free radicals?
A. Osmotic swelling
, B. Oxidative stress
C. ATP depletion
D. Calcium influx
Free radicals damage membranes, proteins, and DNA through oxidative
stress.
5. Which of the following is a reversible cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Cellular swelling occurs when ATP-dependent ion pumps fail; it is reversible
if stress is removed.
Inflammation & Immunity
6. Which WBC is primarily responsible for acute inflammation?
A. Eosinophil
B. Basophil
C. Monocyte
D. Neutrophil
Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
7. What chemical mediator causes vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability?
A. Serotonin
B. Histamine
C. Bradykinin
D. Complement C5a
Histamine from mast cells is the primary vasodilator in inflammation.
8. Which immunoglobulin is found in highest concentration in serum?
A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
, D. IgM
IgG is the most abundant antibody and provides long-term immunity.
9. Which hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated mast cell
degranulation?
A. Type II
B. Type III
C. Type IV
D. Type I
Type I hypersensitivity includes allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, mediated
by IgE.
10.Rheumatoid arthritis is primarily associated with which hypersensitivity
type?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type IV
D. Type II
Immune complexes (Type III hypersensitivity) deposit in joints, causing
inflammation.
Genetic & Molecular Pathophysiology
11.Which genetic disorder is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21?
A. Turner syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Down syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
Trisomy 21 is the genetic cause of Down syndrome.
12.A patient with tall stature, long arms, lens dislocation, and aortic aneurysm
most likely has:
A. Marfan syndrome
B. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
C. Osteogenesis imperfecta
D. Achondroplasia
, Marfan syndrome results from fibrillin-1 mutation affecting connective
tissue.
13.Cystic fibrosis is inherited in which pattern?
A. X-linked recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. Autosomal recessive
D. Mitochondrial
CF is autosomal recessive due to CFTR gene mutations.
14.Which type of mutation causes a premature stop codon?
A. Missense
B. Silent
C. Nonsense
D. Frameshift
Nonsense mutations create a stop codon, terminating protein synthesis
early.
15.Which epigenetic mechanism silences gene expression?
A. Histone acetylation
B. DNA methylation
C. Gene duplication
D. RNA splicing
DNA methylation typically suppresses gene transcription.
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
16.Which of the following is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?
A. Vasospasm
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture with thrombosis
D. Valve stenosis
Most MIs result from rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, causing occlusion.
17.Left-sided heart failure is most commonly due to:
A. Pulmonary hypertension
B. COPD
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
Plus Rationales Q&A | Instant Download Pdf
Cellular Pathophysiology
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, usually in response to increased
workload (e.g., myocardial hypertrophy in hypertension).
2. Which of the following is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?
A. Uterine enlargement during pregnancy
B. Breast enlargement at puberty
C. Endometrial hyperplasia from unopposed estrogen
D. Skeletal muscle growth with exercise
Pathologic hyperplasia is abnormal proliferation, such as endometrial
hyperplasia due to hormonal imbalance.
3. Dysplasia is best described as:
A. Normal differentiation
B. Disordered cellular growth
C. Decreased cell size
D. Increased cell number
Dysplasia refers to abnormal cell size, shape, and organization; it is a
precursor to cancer.
4. Which cellular injury mechanism results from free radicals?
A. Osmotic swelling
, B. Oxidative stress
C. ATP depletion
D. Calcium influx
Free radicals damage membranes, proteins, and DNA through oxidative
stress.
5. Which of the following is a reversible cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Cellular swelling occurs when ATP-dependent ion pumps fail; it is reversible
if stress is removed.
Inflammation & Immunity
6. Which WBC is primarily responsible for acute inflammation?
A. Eosinophil
B. Basophil
C. Monocyte
D. Neutrophil
Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
7. What chemical mediator causes vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability?
A. Serotonin
B. Histamine
C. Bradykinin
D. Complement C5a
Histamine from mast cells is the primary vasodilator in inflammation.
8. Which immunoglobulin is found in highest concentration in serum?
A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
, D. IgM
IgG is the most abundant antibody and provides long-term immunity.
9. Which hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated mast cell
degranulation?
A. Type II
B. Type III
C. Type IV
D. Type I
Type I hypersensitivity includes allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, mediated
by IgE.
10.Rheumatoid arthritis is primarily associated with which hypersensitivity
type?
A. Type I
B. Type III
C. Type IV
D. Type II
Immune complexes (Type III hypersensitivity) deposit in joints, causing
inflammation.
Genetic & Molecular Pathophysiology
11.Which genetic disorder is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21?
A. Turner syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Down syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
Trisomy 21 is the genetic cause of Down syndrome.
12.A patient with tall stature, long arms, lens dislocation, and aortic aneurysm
most likely has:
A. Marfan syndrome
B. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
C. Osteogenesis imperfecta
D. Achondroplasia
, Marfan syndrome results from fibrillin-1 mutation affecting connective
tissue.
13.Cystic fibrosis is inherited in which pattern?
A. X-linked recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. Autosomal recessive
D. Mitochondrial
CF is autosomal recessive due to CFTR gene mutations.
14.Which type of mutation causes a premature stop codon?
A. Missense
B. Silent
C. Nonsense
D. Frameshift
Nonsense mutations create a stop codon, terminating protein synthesis
early.
15.Which epigenetic mechanism silences gene expression?
A. Histone acetylation
B. DNA methylation
C. Gene duplication
D. RNA splicing
DNA methylation typically suppresses gene transcription.
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
16.Which of the following is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?
A. Vasospasm
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture with thrombosis
D. Valve stenosis
Most MIs result from rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, causing occlusion.
17.Left-sided heart failure is most commonly due to:
A. Pulmonary hypertension
B. COPD
