ling 1 final ucla UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
1. language as a Speakers encode meanings into sounds,
TOOL Listeners decode speech sounds (or hand shapes) into meaning
2. language as a You have a finite set of building blocks and rules.
type of KNOWL- You know how to use them.
EDGE This is unconscious knowledge.
You understand the inventory of sounds in your language: Phonetics.
You understand the sound patterns in your language, what sequences are possi-
ble: Phonology.
3. lexicon your mental dictionary,
you know words that are not in any written dictionary, and may never be
4. morphology the "rules" that allow you construct words
5. syntax How to build good PHRASES and SENTENCES
6. semantics Meanings of words and how to use them
7. Education? Being a fully competent native speaker of a language is independent of education-
al level.
Being more (or less) educated does not make a person a "better" (or "worse")
native speaker.
8. linguistic compe- What you know in your mind
tence What you can do
Systematic
9. linguistic perfor- What actually comes out of your mouth
mance What you do do
Subject to physical limitations such as breath, fatigue, nerves, etc.
Slips of the Tongue are performance errors.
10.
, ling 1 final ucla UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Features of Lan- 1. Arbitrariness: The relationship between a word and its meaning is arbitrary. (This
guage is why the sounds used to name the same object vary across languages.)
2. Creativity: Speakers use a finite set of building blocks and rules to create
and understand an infinite set of novel sentences. (Sentences cannot simply be
memorized or learned by imitation.)
Creativity is a universal property of human language.
11. Language Uni- -All languages have ways of forming questions.
versals -All languages have means for negating an utterance.
-All languages have means for indicating when an action takes place.
-All languages possess a set of discrete sounds (or gestures).
-All languages permit displacement—the ability the talk about things other than
the here and now.
-All languages exhibit stimulus-freedom, the ability to say anything at all—includ-
ing nothing—in any circumstances.
12. descriptive gram- linguist's description or model of the mental grammar
mar What speaker's rules actually are
speaker's grammar
linguist's grammar
13. prescriptive rules of grammar (often based on Latin) used by teachers
grammar What speaker's rules should be
14. lateralization language is "lateralized" to the left hemisphere
Without access to the left cerebral hemisphere, normal language processing
cannot occur.
15. Dichotic Listen- Different sounds are played in both ears
ing Tests Subject reports hearing only one
Sound from right ear is almost always reported
Conclusion: at least auditory processing of language seems to be in the left
hemisphere
, ling 1 final ucla UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
16. Split Brain Pa- In severe cases of epilepsy, the corpus callosum is sometimes severed
tients As a result, the two hemispheres can not share information
Linguistic responses are not possible if stimulus was presented to the right hemi-
sphere (left visual field).
17. Wada Tests One hemisphere of a patient's brain is temporarily put to sleep.
Patient then asked to read words &/or numbers, identify objects, & respond to
questions.
Result? An inability to produce language when left side is anesthetized.
18. aphasia a disruption in language abilities (production and/or comprehension) due to brain
injury
19. Tan's Brain Patient named Louis Victor Lebourgne, but nicknamed 'Tan'.
His utterances were limited to a single syllable, "tan", usually twice.
Couldn't produce language.
1861: Paul Broca examined Tan's Brain (post-mortem).
Came to the conclusion that the loss of language ability was linked to the local
damage in "Broca's area".
20. Broca's aphasia Speech is broken and halted (telegraphic speech)
Words make some sense, but the structure is incorrect
a.k.a. agrammatic aphasia
Comprehension in Broca's aphasics is mostly in tact, but there are problems with
complex sentences
Lesions found in particular part of the LH
(frontal lobe)
Semantics (meaning): Okay
Syntax (structure): Not okay
Comprehension: Mostly OK
Writing: Few words, but they do make sense.
Answers
1. language as a Speakers encode meanings into sounds,
TOOL Listeners decode speech sounds (or hand shapes) into meaning
2. language as a You have a finite set of building blocks and rules.
type of KNOWL- You know how to use them.
EDGE This is unconscious knowledge.
You understand the inventory of sounds in your language: Phonetics.
You understand the sound patterns in your language, what sequences are possi-
ble: Phonology.
3. lexicon your mental dictionary,
you know words that are not in any written dictionary, and may never be
4. morphology the "rules" that allow you construct words
5. syntax How to build good PHRASES and SENTENCES
6. semantics Meanings of words and how to use them
7. Education? Being a fully competent native speaker of a language is independent of education-
al level.
Being more (or less) educated does not make a person a "better" (or "worse")
native speaker.
8. linguistic compe- What you know in your mind
tence What you can do
Systematic
9. linguistic perfor- What actually comes out of your mouth
mance What you do do
Subject to physical limitations such as breath, fatigue, nerves, etc.
Slips of the Tongue are performance errors.
10.
, ling 1 final ucla UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Features of Lan- 1. Arbitrariness: The relationship between a word and its meaning is arbitrary. (This
guage is why the sounds used to name the same object vary across languages.)
2. Creativity: Speakers use a finite set of building blocks and rules to create
and understand an infinite set of novel sentences. (Sentences cannot simply be
memorized or learned by imitation.)
Creativity is a universal property of human language.
11. Language Uni- -All languages have ways of forming questions.
versals -All languages have means for negating an utterance.
-All languages have means for indicating when an action takes place.
-All languages possess a set of discrete sounds (or gestures).
-All languages permit displacement—the ability the talk about things other than
the here and now.
-All languages exhibit stimulus-freedom, the ability to say anything at all—includ-
ing nothing—in any circumstances.
12. descriptive gram- linguist's description or model of the mental grammar
mar What speaker's rules actually are
speaker's grammar
linguist's grammar
13. prescriptive rules of grammar (often based on Latin) used by teachers
grammar What speaker's rules should be
14. lateralization language is "lateralized" to the left hemisphere
Without access to the left cerebral hemisphere, normal language processing
cannot occur.
15. Dichotic Listen- Different sounds are played in both ears
ing Tests Subject reports hearing only one
Sound from right ear is almost always reported
Conclusion: at least auditory processing of language seems to be in the left
hemisphere
, ling 1 final ucla UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
16. Split Brain Pa- In severe cases of epilepsy, the corpus callosum is sometimes severed
tients As a result, the two hemispheres can not share information
Linguistic responses are not possible if stimulus was presented to the right hemi-
sphere (left visual field).
17. Wada Tests One hemisphere of a patient's brain is temporarily put to sleep.
Patient then asked to read words &/or numbers, identify objects, & respond to
questions.
Result? An inability to produce language when left side is anesthetized.
18. aphasia a disruption in language abilities (production and/or comprehension) due to brain
injury
19. Tan's Brain Patient named Louis Victor Lebourgne, but nicknamed 'Tan'.
His utterances were limited to a single syllable, "tan", usually twice.
Couldn't produce language.
1861: Paul Broca examined Tan's Brain (post-mortem).
Came to the conclusion that the loss of language ability was linked to the local
damage in "Broca's area".
20. Broca's aphasia Speech is broken and halted (telegraphic speech)
Words make some sense, but the structure is incorrect
a.k.a. agrammatic aphasia
Comprehension in Broca's aphasics is mostly in tact, but there are problems with
complex sentences
Lesions found in particular part of the LH
(frontal lobe)
Semantics (meaning): Okay
Syntax (structure): Not okay
Comprehension: Mostly OK
Writing: Few words, but they do make sense.
